約 6,490,690 件
https://w.atwiki.jp/knut/pages/18.html
The Future of Information Architecture Summary -- 要約 This books looks at the issues surrounding why information is processed, stored and applied in the way that it has, since time immemorial. Contrary to the conventional wisdom held by many scholars in human history, the recurrent debate on the explanation of the most basic categories of information (eg space, time causation, quality, quantity) has been misconstrued, to the efect that there exists some deeper categories and principles behind these categories of information - with enormous implications for our understanding of reality in general. To understand this, the book is organised in to four main parts Part I begins with the vital question concerning the role of information within the context of the larger theoretical debate in the literature. Part II provides a critical examination of the nature of data taxonomy from the main perspectives of culture, society, nature and the mind. Part III constructively invesitgates the world of information network from the main perspectives of culture, society, nature and the mind. Part IV proposes six main theses in the author s synthetic theory of information architecture, namely, (a) the first thesis on the simpleness-complicatedness principle, (b) the second thesis on the exactness-vagueness principle (c) the third thesis on the slowness-quickness principle (d) the fourth thesis on the order-chaos principle, (e) the fifth thesis on the symmetry-asymmetry principle, and (f) the sixth thesis on the post-human stage. http //chandospublishing.com/chandos_publishing_record_detail.php?ID=246 Part One Introduction -- The Role of Information Architecture -- IAのルール The Information Question -- 情報の課題 The Theoretical Debate -- The Synthetic Theory of Info Architecture Theory and Meta-Theory The Logic of Existential Dialectics Sophisticated Methodological Holism Chapter Outline -- アウトライン Three Notes of Caution Part Two Taxonomy -- Info Architecture and Taxonomy -- IAと分類 The Nature of Taxonomy Taxonomy and NatureTaxonomy and Chemistry Taxonomy and Micro-Physics Taxonomy and Micro-Physics(or Cosmology) Taxonomy and Biology(Animal) Taxonomy and the MindTaxonomy and Biology(Human) Taxonomy and Psychology Taxonomy and CultureTaxonomy and Morality Taxonomy and Epistemology Taxonomy and Religion Taxonomy and Aesthetics Taxonomy and SocietyTaxonomy and Social Organization Taxonomy and Social Institutions Taxonomy and Social Structure Taxonomy and Social Systems The Challenge of TaxonomyTaxonomy and Ontological Principles A Coutions Note Part Three Network -- Info Architecture and Network -- IAとネットワーク The Impact of Network Network and NatureNetwork and Chemistry Network and Micro-Physcis Network and Micro-Physcis(or Cosmology) Network and the MindNetwork and Psychology Network and Biology Network and CultureNetwork and Morality Network and Religion Network and Aesthetics Network and SocietyNetwork and Social Institutions Network and Social Structure Network and Social Systems The Power of NetworkNetwork and Ontological Principles Some Words for Thought Part Four Conclusion -- The future of Information Architecture -- IAの未来 The Information Answer 1st Thesis The Simpleness-Complicadness Principle 2nd Thesis The Preciseness-Vagueness Principle 3rd Thesis The Slowness-Quickness Principle 4th Thesis The Order-Chaos Principle 5th Thesis The Symmetry-Asymmetry Principle 6th Thesis The Post-Human Stage An Epilogue The Future of Information Architecture
https://w.atwiki.jp/godgriffon/pages/43.html
作成日：2007.1209日 更新日：2007年12月09日10 15 23 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 7月 2007.0701日 日本テレビ 真相報道バンキシャ！ 里中満智子 真相報道 バンキシャ！ http //www.ntv.co.jp/bankisha/bangai/20070701.html 2007.0702以降 「外人さんが日本文化を知る番組」で、秋葉原を案内してたコスプレイヤーさん http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/07/japan-culture-070703.html 2007.0706金 NHK総合 特報首都圏 暴走するネットの〝祭り〟 25 03 vSocial.com ネット（2ちゃんねる）の『祭り』が暴走する http //www.vsocial.com/video/?d=94569 25 08 ニコニコ動画(RC)‐NHK「特報首都圏」ネットの“祭り”が暴走する http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm568130 実況ニュースサロン NHK「ネットの“祭り”が暴走する」の捏造・偏向 http //jikkyonews.blog109.fc2.com/blog-entry-37.html | ＾＾ |Byozine NHK『ネットの“祭り”が暴走する』にちょこっと出ます http //www.yukawanet.com/byozine/log/2007/07/nhk_3.html ｓｏｋの日記 NHK 特報首都圏『ネットの“祭り”が暴走する』テキスト起こし http //sok-sok.seesaa.net/article/46983331.html 秒刊SUNDAY 秒刊ニュース http //www.yukawanet.com/sunday/log2/2007/07/post_147.html 秒刊SUNDAY 秒刊FLASH動画 http //www.yukawanet.com/sunday/log2/2007/07/flash_83.html 秒刊SUNDAY 秒間寝たFLASH http //www.yukawanet.com/sunday/log2/2007/07/flash_82.html 2007.0707土 NHK教育 アートのちから アニメは夢の世界 2007.0707土 テレビ東京 ジパング 人気沸騰つくる玩具の魅力 2007.0715日 フジテレビ スーパーニュース 大人が熱狂する大変身ロボ 2007.0716月 TBS 報道の魂 著作権“70年”論争～文化は誰のものか～ 24 30 GUBA - 2007.0716 Copyright http //www.guba.com/watch/3000084475 04 56 YouTube - 『報道の魂』#21「著作権"70年"論争 ～文化は誰のものか～」（1/4） http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=MS03FFgcKzE 07 17 YouTube - 『報道の魂』#21「著作権"70年"論争 ～文化は誰のものか～」（2/4） http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=26ywhvEr5-k 05 23 YouTube - 『報道の魂』#21「著作権"70年"論争 ～文化は誰のものか～」（3/4） http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=yZsP5WMqVQ4 06 44 YouTube - 『報道の魂』#21「著作権"70年"論争 ～文化は誰のものか～」（4/4） http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=h-hGaPQQ78Y 報道の魂 http //www.tbs.co.jp/houtama/last/070715.html キバヤシ断言 セリフ一覧 - はてなセリフ http //serif.hatelabo.jp/bc8f7f7cc511e49477ac52273262f506da1a03fa/list お前を嫁に！もらう前に！ ... - キバヤシ断言 - はてなセリフ http //serif.hatelabo.jp/bc8f7f7cc511e49477ac52273262f506da1a03fa/643721f732783a1acd405198cfb541ecc78db2fd 今日から俺は! 無... - キバヤシ断言 - はてなセリフ http //serif.hatelabo.jp/bc8f7f7cc511e49477ac52273262f506da1a03fa/80c9243d5284df2b596cdafbd97c534b7aedacb9 2007.0723以前 日本テレビ タイのメイド喫茶 02 49 YouTube - タイのメイド喫茶が摘発を受けた理由とは... http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=NzkyuYS0xrM 2007.0727金 フジテレビ スーパーニュース 由緒ある神社に オタク殺到の謎 FNN Headline http //www.fnn-news.com/headlines/CONN00115143.html 3 42 らき☆すた現象の報道(フジ) ｜ 無料動画・おもしろ動画のムービーポータル-AmebaVision[アメーバビジョン] http //vision.ameba.jp/watch.do?movie=527432 3 42 ニコニコ動画(RC) ‐らき☆すた現象の報道(フジ) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/am527432 2007.0731火 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト 玩具業界の新たな客は若い女性 8月 2007.0802以前 あの人気者にもニセ物中国紙〝見分け方〟紹介 05 57 YouTube - 中国「新しいバージョンのドラえもん」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=ublD5V2jX3I 2007.0802木 TBS 2時っチャオ！ おネエがアキバで外国人と仰天バトル 16 29 GUBA - 2007.0802 Foreigner and AKIHABARA http //www.guba.com/watch/3000084472 2007.0803金 フジテレビ めざましテレビ 芸能ですよ！ 独占！ヒッキー新曲“エヴァ”とコラボ 00 59 YouTube - Rebuild of Evangelion 0.1 You are (not) alone preview on TV http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=OHxtAPfMBJU 2007.0804土 NHK総合 解体新ショー 平野綾 2007.0808水 MBS 世界バリバリバリュー 売れすぎちゃて、ごめんなさい！ザックザク漫画家スペシャル！パート2 46 00 GUBA - 2007.0808 Rich Cartoonist http //www.guba.com/watch/3000084479 08 30 YouTube - 世界バリバリ☆バリュー 漫画家スペシャル 赤松健 １／２ http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=LKuR8a7hN90 08 30 YouTube - 世界バリバリ☆バリュー 漫画家スペシャル 赤松健 ２／２ http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=n3D4H6EcdE0 2007.0809木 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト マジックザギャザリングバー 2007.0811土 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト土曜版 優雅に楽しめる大型クルーザーが人気 中村光一 2007.0817金 テレビ東京 やりすぎ都市伝説SP 30歳まで童貞を貫くと魔法使いになれる！ 21時からの番組の宣伝番組 2007.0817以降 TBS ＴＢＳ、「アキバで恐喝」の街頭インタビュー…「気の弱そうな人」選ぶ http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/08/tbs-070817.html 2007.0818土 フジテレビ スーパーニュース アニメキャラクターを集めたイベント「キャラホビ2007」が幕張メッセで開かれました。 FNN Headline http //www.fnn-news.com/headlines/CONN00116546.html 2007.0821火 TBS 月光音楽団 納涼リア・ディゾンと共に秋葉原でコスプレ大会メイド婦警 月光音楽団｜今までの音楽団 http //www.tbs.co.jp/gekko-ongakudan/contents/program/20070820.html 2007.0821火 日本テレビ 探偵学園Q さよならなんて言わせない！ キュウ（神木隆之介）らはメイド狩り事件を捜査するよう団（陣内孝則）から指令を受ける。 2007.0821火 テレビ朝日 報道ステーション 速報 山口から東京に逃走 祖父殺害の16歳少年逮捕 祖父殺害後山口県から秋葉原へ逃げた少年 2007.0821火 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト アトラスが回収 腕相撲ゲーム機で3人骨折 2007.0821火 NHK教育 きょうのニュース＆スポーツ 〝祖父殺害〟少年逮捕 2007.0822水 NHK教育 きょうのニュース＆スポーツ 成績などめぐりトラブルか 2007.0822水 日本テレビ スッキリ!! 祖父殺害容疑者16歳孫は逃走中医師一家の複雑な事情 2007.0822水 テレビ朝日 やじうまプラス 祖父殺害か…16歳孫を指名手配 2007.0822水 テレビ東京 朝はビタミン！ 感動大人気キャラスイーツピカチュウの顔ムースケロロ軍曹クッキー 2007.0822水 フジテレビ スーパーニュース “祖父殺害”少年は今真夏の逃走…捜査拡大 2007.0823木 フジテレビ 銀幕会議2 今からでもわかるエヴァ解剖(秘)緒方恵美 08 41 YouTube - 新劇場版 エヴァンゲリオン 銀幕会議 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=vo82XNUVYKE 2007.0825土 フジテレビ FNN 高市特命相“アキバ”視察 FNN Headline http //www.fnn-news.com/headlines/CONN00116903.html 2007.0828火 TBS 月光音楽団 リア初体験のメイドカフェコスプレ店員に興奮!?萌えドール 月光音楽団｜今までの音楽団 http //www.tbs.co.jp/gekko-ongakudan/contents/program/20070827.html 2007.0829水 TBS はなまるマーケット 戸田恵子が仰天した高橋克実からの贈り物 2007.0830木 フジテレビ めざましテレビ 見たもんラボ「ヱヴァンゲリヲン」 07 53 YouTube - ヱヴァンゲリヲン めざましテレビFull 07/08/30 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=PCHsE4GKaec 06 48 YouTube - めざましテレビ ヱヴァンゲリヲン予告 2007/8/30 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=lfUfqKXsECw 2007.0831金 テレビ朝日 スーパーモーニング オタク増殖中！〝北京のアキバ〟仰天実態 実況ニュースサロン 中国北京にも「げんしけんサークル」が存在する？ http //jikkyonews.blog109.fc2.com/blog-entry-66.html#more 2007.0831金 フジテレビ LIVE2007ニュースJAPAN “オタク”の恋探します Sweet on Geeks - The Best Dating Site on the Web for Geeks and Nerds http //www.sweetongeeks.com/ 2007.0831金 NHK総合 スタジオパークからこんにちは 藤岡弘、 スタジオパークからこんにちは トークゲストプロフィール http //www.nhk.or.jp/park/guestpage/guest20070831.html 9月 2007.0901土 テレビ東京 出没！アド街ック天国 門前町を散策…中野新井薬師 トムス・エンタテインメント 2007.0902日 テレビ東京 みゅーじん 戸田恵子 みゅーじん／音遊人 ： テレビ東京 http //www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/m-jin/onair/070902.html 2007.0904火 TBS 月光音楽団 公開リアがコスプレで恋話初恋に失恋に結婚も…全てを語る 月光音楽団｜今までの音楽団 http //www.tbs.co.jp/gekko-ongakudan/contents/program/20070903.html 2007.0904火 長野朝日放送 abnステーション 長野に登場！メイド喫茶 ユニーク接客のすべて 5 14 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐長野にオープン「メイド喫茶 麗」レポート http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1037357 Nana s Seacret ０8/２4 abnさんが来た～! http //reinana.exblog.jp/6795475/ Nana s Seacret ０9/０4 放送日決定♪ http //reinana.exblog.jp/6877427/ 恋の両手送り小手裏固め そういえば http //reiren.exblog.jp/6881516/ 2007.0904以降2007.0906以前 日本テレビ NEWS リアルタイム 韓国の人気歌手 日本アニメそっくりで刑事告訴 02 50 YouTube - 韓国人気歌手パクリ認定される http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=8VOcbJgxpto http //www.square-enix.com/jp/company/j/news/2007/download/20070904_41.pdf 2007.0904以降2007.0905以前 フジテレビ 韓国人気歌手ビデオで「ファイナルファンタジー」の映像盗作ビデオ制作会社を起訴 http //www.fnn.fujitv.co.jp/headlines/CONN00117558.html 2007.0905水 BShi COOL JAPAN ～発掘！かっこいいニッポン～ 秋葉原 2007.0905以降 中国でまたまた出た！！“極悪のび太”！？ 02 51 YouTube - ほかにもあった中国パクリ遊園地 中国広東省「珍珠楽園」今度は極悪のび太!? http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=o5taMTkSROs 2007.0906木 フジテレビ とんねるずのみなさんのおかげでした 南キャン＆河本トークダービーで爆笑秘話！戸田恵子 2007.0911火 朝日放送 ムーブ！ チャイナ電視台 今度はウルトラマン？中国パクリ遊園地 10 49 YouTube - 【チャイナ電視台】今度はウルトラマン？ 中国パクリ遊園地 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=5okpXz75f2U 10 47 ウルトラマン勝手にパクって批判 ｜ 無料動画・おもしろ動画のムービーポータル-AmebaVision[アメーバビジョン] http //vision.ameba.jp/watch.do?movie=574209 11 41 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐今度はウルトラマン？ 中国パクリ遊園地 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1038765 2007.0913木 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト 好調！ゲーセン 大型路面店で集客 2007.0913木 NHK総合 きょうのニュース＆スポーツ 漫画を無断でネット掲載 賠償判決 まんが・コミックの464.jp http //www.464.jp/ 2007.0916日 日本テレビ “オタク文化の聖地”東京・秋葉原 04 32 YouTube - 自民党総裁選・福田、麻生の街頭演説に１万３０００人 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=B--lX4eH9yo 2007.0917月 日本テレビ スッキリ!! 一騎打ち福田vs麻生(1)絶叫演説アキバ系も注目(2)熱唱＆名珍言…お宝映像 2007.0917月 テレビ朝日 スクランブル アキバで大熱弁!!劣勢ばん回へ必死麻生氏に密着 2007.0917月 TBS みのもんた朝ズバッ！ 渋谷でもアキバでも・総裁選・激論スタート 2007.0918火 自民党総裁選いよいよスタート 3候補はアキバで第一声 2007.0919水 ABCテレビ ムーブ！ 16歳少女 手斧殺害は“ゲームに類似”？ 9 48 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐【ムーブ!】十六歳少女が斧で父を惨殺（ひぐらし放送中止の一因） http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1102511 2007.0921金 日本テレビ ズームインSUPER 注目は美肌＆ケータイ東京ゲームショウ特集 2007.0923日 日本テレビ ローゼン麻生、総裁選挙に敗れる。アキバのＴＶ取材で目立っていたのはフジテレビ http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/09/fuji-070924.html 2007.0923日 TBS ローゼン麻生、総裁選挙に敗れる。アキバのＴＶ取材で目立っていたのはフジテレビ http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/09/fuji-070924.html 2007.0923日 フジテレビ ローゼン麻生、総裁選挙に敗れる。アキバのＴＶ取材で目立っていたのはフジテレビ http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/09/fuji-070924.html アサガヲBlog アキバで福田応援体制を作るフジテレビ！！ http //asagawo.blog.shinobi.jp/Entry/89/ 2007.0923日 テレビ朝日 ローゼン麻生、総裁選挙に敗れる。アキバのＴＶ取材で目立っていたのはフジテレビ http //www.akibablog.net/archives/2007/09/fuji-070924.html 2007.0924月 NHK総合 ホリデーインタビュー “人間”をつくり続けて・声優・永井一郎 2007.0926水 テレビ東京 朝はビタミン！ 2極化するゲーム業界の戦略 10月 2007.1004木 朝日放送 NEWSゆう ウラドリ 「わいせつＤＶＤ」摘発の陰で続く違法販売 シリーズ『ウラドリ』 「わいせつＤＶＤ」摘発の陰で続く違法販売（2007/10/04） http //webnews.asahi.co.jp/you/special/2007/u20071004.html 2007.1005金 TBS みのもんた朝ズバッ！ “私はキラです”謎のメモを残したベルギー殺人事件 2007.1005金 フジテレビ とくダネ！ 大人気漫画のセリフが…切断遺体に紙片の謎 2007.1006土 フジテレビ ハッケン！！ 独占！麻生太郎氏語る漫画・フィギュア…秘書斎公開！ 09 04 YouTube - 麻生太郎「２ちゃんねる？たまに書き込んでますよ」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=t7-AX3ZjoQs 9 05 ニコニコ動画(RC)‐麻生「２ちゃんねる？たまに書き込んでますよ」 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1213217 2007.1009火 NHK総合 おはよう日本 保全へ“トトロが生まれた森”からの中継 2007.1009火 日本テレビ くちコミ☆ジョニー 『EVANGELION×BEAMS T コラボレーションＴシャツ 』 くちコミ☆ジョニー http //www.ntv.co.jp/kuchikomi/shoping/071009.html 2007.1009火 日本テレビ オリラジ経済白書SP新装開店！すぐ役立つマネークイズ100連発 街角連続ハイ・オア・ローは、東京・秋葉原の街角で見掛けたさまざまな物の値段を取り上げる。 2007.1010水 NHK総合 おはよう日本 おもちゃの信頼強化 2007.1014日 TBS アッコにおまかせ！ ルーキーワード「初音ミク」 03 22 YouTube - アッコにおまかせ 初音ミク特集 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=t1s7r1zbyTs 02 27 YouTube - アッコにおまかせ 初音ミクオタク http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=t2HpNGuwHjs 01 44 YouTube - 初 音 ミ ク http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=uj1qMHRm6FA 2 52 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐10月14日TBS「アッコにおまかせ！」で初音ミク紹介full版 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1276867 10月14日のテレビ放映に関しましてご報告とお詫び メディアファージ事業部 ブログ http //blog.crypton.co.jp/mp/2007/10/1014.html Otomania.net（おとまにあどっとねっと） - アッコにおまかせ！で初音ミクを歌わせます http //www.otomania.net/index.php?e=139 片倉真二のにっきちょう アッコにおまかせの初音ミク特集で http //katakurashinji.blog108.fc2.com/blog-entry-40.html TBS「アッコにおまかせ」の初音ミク特集に批判相次ぐ - ITmedia News http //www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0710/15/news008.html 2007.1015月 フジテレビ とくダネ！ 走れ！三面刑事 オタク革命“ハルヒダンス” 09 14 YouTube - haruhi dance SOS-dan http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=43F-6Z-Kjy8 04 29 YouTube - 【ハルヒダンス】説教されるアニオタ Criticized Haruhi Dance Otaku http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=YwVkFELtCC0 03 29 YouTube - とくダネ！ オタク革命「ハルヒダンス」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn6qe2gMjL0 01 34 YouTube - 三面刑事 ハルヒダンスの真相 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=B8YgOsKXtaE 2007.1016火 フジテレビ プロキング 声優が選んだNO.1声優 09 24 YouTube - . http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=Zh4Kgi_ZGhs 6 00 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐プロキング 現役声優が選ぶNo.1声優ベスト10を発表！(1/2) [07.10.15] http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1290339 7 31 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐プロキング 現役声優が選ぶNo.1声優ベスト10を発表！(2/2) [07.10.15] http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1290452 2007.1016火 フジテレビ 登龍門 コンバット お父さんの趣味はコスプレ 01 22 YouTube - ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=cRI8TuOsuZ0 01 22 YouTube - 「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=H8itkLGWqOI 01 22 YouTube - 「ハレ晴レユカイ」の元ネタとなった曲「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUur0OUiCw 01 22 YouTube - 「ハレ晴レユカイ」の元ネタとなった曲「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=CFLdm1EgBrA 01 22 YouTube - 「ハレ晴レユカイ」の元ネタとなった曲「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=PXMWPK4JQSM 01 22 YouTube - 「ハレ晴レユカイ」の元ネタとなった曲「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=slw3DoWfRlg 1 22 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐「ハレ晴レユカイ」の元ネタとなった曲「ラブラブ☆胸キュン大作戦」 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1289802 2007.1018木 テレビ朝日 スーパーモーニング やくみつる緊急参戦 2007.1024木 日本テレビ スッキリ!! Edelstein Edelstein 公式サイト http //www.cafe-edelstein.com/media.html 2007.1024水 毎日放送 麒麟の部屋 ミニ四駆 麒麟の部屋｜毎週火曜日 深夜1：55分より放送中!! http //www.mbs.jp/kirin/room/005.shtml 2007.1024水 フジテレビ 笑っていいとも！ 手塚治虫の大好物とは 2007.1024水 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト BACK YARD ヒットの裏側 小畑健の人間失格 2007.1025木 NHK総合 ニュースウオッチ9 任天堂の業績好調 2007.1027土 フジテレビ 月刊！検定パンチ オタク検定 11月 2007.1101木 フジテレビ NONFIX あなたの“楽しみ”かなえます～知的障害者たちが夢見る明日～ メイド喫茶 NONFIX あなたの“楽しみ”かなえます～知的障害者たちが夢見る明日～ - フジテレビ http //wwwz.fujitv.co.jp/nonfix/library/2007/558.html 2007.1107水 テレビ東京 ワールドビジネスサテライト BACK YARD ヒットの裏側 メガネ男子 2007.1111日 テレビ朝日 新婚さんいらっしゃい 「夫が激写(秘)奥さまはメイドさん」 ほかにアニメやコスプレのマニアが集まるイベント会場で知り合った千葉の夫婦が登場。 夫との初デートはメイドのコスプレで行ったというコスプレマニアの妻は、 写真を撮られるのも大好き。 カメラマンがどんなふうに彼女を撮るのか実演してもらった司会の桂三枝は自分も撮りたくなり、 スタッフのカメラを借りて妻を撮影。次々と過激なポーズを見せる彼女にドキドキする。 2007.1111日 日本テレビ 香取慎吾の特上！天声慎吾 「アニメ顔(秘)アイドル」 2007.1112月 TBS 筑紫哲也NEWS23 「トトロ」玩具製作会社脱税で社長ら逮捕 2007.1112月 TBS ニュースバード 「トトロ」玩具製作会社脱税で社長ら逮捕 2007.1113火 テレビ朝日 やじうまプラス 〝宮崎アニメ〟フィギュアを販売脱税で製作会社社長ら逮捕 2007.1113火 フジテレビ ハピふる！ Edelstein Edelstein 公式サイト http //www.cafe-edelstein.com/media.html 2007.1115木 テレビ埼玉 Channel－a アシッドブラックチェリー秋葉原体験ツアー(1) 2007.1115木 フジテレビ 笑っていいとも！ 「人気ブログのアクセス数Qに(秘)声優Y＆上地雄輔衝撃の手品」 2007.1119月 NHK総合 おはよう日本 アメリカの漫画事情 03 06 YouTube - 犬HKマンファを紹介 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=QBzjbbYZkfE 2007.1122木 テレビ埼玉 Channel－a アシッドブラックチェリー秋葉原体験ツアー(2) 2007.1122木 フジテレビ NONFIX 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 07 03 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 1/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=HzMTSmUGhLc 06 55 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 2/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=l0Sj18yapmI 07 09 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 3/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=jpNCxjRlpzs 09 21 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 4/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=XOwAz68P9co 09 26 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 5/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=gI-86sJUVA8 09 56 YouTube - 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 6/6 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=JcbJnLObon0 21 09 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 1/2 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1610986 28 44 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 2/2 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1610749 7 03 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 1/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1598626 6 55 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 2/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1598695 7 09 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 3/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1598788 9 21 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 4/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1598853 9 26 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 5/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1598933 9 56 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ 6/6 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1599032 NONFIX 腐女子ノ先ニアルモノ - フジテレビ http //wwwz.fujitv.co.jp/nonfix/library/2007/559.html †逢月ゆうやの日常のブログ† | NONFIX http //ohzuki.jugem.jp/?eid=317#sequel Edelstein 公式サイト http //www.cafe-edelstein.com/media.html 2007.1125日 NHK総合 経済羅針盤 タカラトミー 富山幹太郎社長 経済羅針盤 http //www.nhk.or.jp/k-rasinban/backnumber/071125.html 12月 2007.1205水 NHK総合 スタジオパークからこんにちは 山崎バニラ・金髪の弁士が誕生するまで▽のらくろ 2007.1206木 テレビ埼玉 ニュース930 「らき☆すた」で町おこし 03 36 YouTube - 07/12/5 テレ玉 ニュース930 鷲宮神社ネタ http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=7tFkSC0o-ow 3 34 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐テレ玉 らきすた神社 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1703199 2007.1206木 NHK総合 首都圏ネットワーク 〝アニメ神社〟で町おこし 06 13 YouTube - 首都圏ネットワーク「"アニメ神社"で町おこし」 http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=2qGNV7diRN0 6 31 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐えぬえちけー らきすた鷲宮神社 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1708534 6 13 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐【らき☆すた・鷲宮神社】12月6日- 首都圏ネットワークPart3 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1709369 6 13 ニコニコ動画(RC2)‐らき☆すた神社その2 NHK http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1708709 アニメ「らき☆すた」情報サイト/らっきー☆ちゃんねる http //www.lucky-ch.com/info/info_washinomiya.html
https://w.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/pages/2136.html
【登録タグ S SYNC.ART'S 信仰ノスタルジア 運命のダークサイド 雨宮ゆりの 曲】 【注意】 現在、このページはJavaScriptの利用が一時制限されています。この表示状態ではトラック情報が正しく表示されません。 この問題は、以下のいずれかが原因となっています。 ページがAMP表示となっている ウィキ内検索からページを表示している これを解決するには、こちらをクリックし、ページを通常表示にしてください。 /** General styling **/ @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight 350; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/10/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/9/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/8/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.ttf) format( truetype ); } @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight bold; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/13/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/12/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/11/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.ttf) format( truetype ); } rt { font-family Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; } /** Main table styling **/ #trackinfo, #lyrics { font-family Noto Sans JP , sans-serif; font-weight 350; } .track_number { font-family Rockwell; font-weight bold; } .track_number after { content . ; } #track_args, .amp_text { display none; } #trackinfo { position relative; float right; margin 0 0 1em 1em; padding 0.3em; width 320px; border-collapse separate; border-radius 5px; border-spacing 0; background-color #F9F9F9; font-size 90%; line-height 1.4em; } #trackinfo th { white-space nowrap; } #trackinfo th, #trackinfo td { border none !important; } #trackinfo thead th { background-color #D8D8D8; box-shadow 0 -3px #F9F9F9 inset; padding 4px 2.5em 7px; white-space normal; font-size 120%; text-align center; } .trackrow { background-color #F0F0F0; box-shadow 0 2px #F9F9F9 inset, 0 -2px #F9F9F9 inset; } #trackinfo td ul { margin 0; padding 0; list-style none; } #trackinfo li { line-height 16px; } #trackinfo li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 6px; } #trackinfo dl { margin 0; } #trackinfo dt { font-size small; font-weight bold; } #trackinfo dd { margin-left 1.2em; } #trackinfo dd + dt { margin-top .5em; } #trackinfo_help { position absolute; top 3px; right 8px; font-size 80%; } /** Media styling **/ #trackinfo .media th { background-color #D8D8D8; padding 4px 0; font-size 95%; text-align center; } .media td { padding 0 2px; } .media iframe nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 0.3em; } .youtube + .nicovideo, .youtube + .soundcloud, .nicovideo + .soundcloud { margin-top 0.75em; } .media_section { display flex; align-items center; text-align center; } .media_section before, .media_section after { display block; flex-grow 1; content ; height 1px; } .media_section before { margin-right 0.5em; background linear-gradient(-90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_section after { margin-left 0.5em; background linear-gradient(90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_notice { color firebrick; font-size 77.5%; } /** Around track styling **/ .next-track { float right; } /** Infomation styling **/ #trackinfo .info_header th { padding .3em .5em; background-color #D8D8D8; font-size 95%; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn_wrapper { float right; font-size 12px; user-select none; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn { cursor pointer; } #trackinfo .info_content td { padding 0 0 0 5px; height 0; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content ul { padding 0; margin 0; max-height 0; list-style initial; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content li { opacity 0; visibility hidden; margin 0 0 0 1.5em; transition .3s, opacity .2s; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show td { padding 5px; height 100%; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show ul { padding 5px 0; max-height 50em; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li { opacity 1; visibility visible; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 10px; } /** Lyrics styling **/ #lyrics { font-size 1.06em; line-height 1.6em; } .not_in_card, .inaudible { display inline; position relative; } .not_in_card { border-bottom dashed 1px #D0D0D0; } .tooltip { display flex; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -42.5px; left 0; width 275px; min-height 20px; max-height 100px; padding 10px; border-radius 5px; background-color #555; align-items center; color #FFF; font-size 85%; line-height 20px; text-align center; white-space nowrap; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; -webkit-user-select none; -moz-user-select none; -ms-user-select none; user-select none; } .inaudible .tooltip { top -68.5px; } span hover + .tooltip { visibility visible; top -47.5px; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .inaudible span hover + .tooltip { top -73.5px; } .not_in_card span.hide { top -42.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .inaudible .img { display inline-block; width 3.45em; height 1.25em; margin-right 4px; margin-bottom -3.5px; margin-left 4px; background-image url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2971/7/Inaudible.png); background-size contain; background-repeat no-repeat; } .not_in_card after, .inaudible .img after { content ; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -8.5px; left 42.5%; border-width 5px; border-style solid; border-color #555 transparent transparent transparent; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .not_in_card hover after, .inaudible .img hover after { content ; visibility visible; top -13.5px; left 42.5%; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .not_in_card after { top -2.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card hover after { top -7.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card.hide after { visibility hidden; top -2.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } /** For mobile device styling **/ .uk-overflow-container { display inline; } #trackinfo.mobile { display table; float none; width 100%; margin auto; margin-bottom 1em; } #trackinfo.mobile th { text-transform none; } #trackinfo.mobile tbody tr not(.media) th { text-align left; background-color unset; } #trackinfo.mobile td { white-space normal; } document.addEventListener( DOMContentLoaded , function() { use strict ; const headers = { title アルバム別曲名 , album アルバム , circle サークル , vocal Vocal , lyric Lyric , chorus Chorus , narrator Narration , rap Rap , voice Voice , whistle Whistle (口笛) , translate Translation (翻訳) , arrange Arrange , artist Artist , bass Bass , cajon Cajon (カホン) , drum Drum , guitar Guitar , keyboard Keyboard , mc MC , mix Mix , piano Piano , sax Sax , strings Strings , synthesizer Synthesizer , trumpet Trumpet , violin Violin , original 原曲 , image_song イメージ曲 }; const rPagename = /(?=^|.*
https://w.atwiki.jp/elvis/pages/1156.html
Black Evening David Morrell Lessons from a Lifetime of Writing A Novelist Looks at His Craft David Morrell Nightscape David Morrell Orden De Ejecucion David Morrell La Alianza De Las Sombras/the Alliance of the Shadows David MorrellJordi Mustieles Ultima Negacion David MorrellCristina Pina? Double Image David Morrell The Protector David MorrellStefan Rudnicki? Long Lost David MorrellNeil Patrick Harris Long Lost (Center Point Premier Plus) David Morrell Lessons from a Lifetime of Writing A Novelist Looks at His Craft David Morrell The Protector David MorrellCorbin Bernsen? Burnt Sienna David MorrellGabrielle De Cuir? Doble Imagen David Morrell The League of Night And Fog David MorrellGeorge Ralph? The League of Night And Fog David MorrellGeorge Ralph? Nightscape David Morrell Creepers Library Edition David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Creepers David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Creepers David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? The Brotherhood Of The Rose David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose Library Edition David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone (Morrell, David) David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell You Can Be a Woman Egyptologist Betsy Morrell Bryan?Judith Love Cohen?David A. Katz? Creepers David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell The Covenant of the Flame David MorrellDavid Regal? The Covenant of the Flame Library Edition David MorrellDavid Regal? The Totem Complete and Unaltered David MorrellThomas Canty? The Totem Complete and Unaltered David Morrell You Can Be a Woman Egyptologist (Careers in Archaeology, Part 1) Betsy Morrell Bryan?Judith Love Cohen?David A. Katz? Scavenger David Morrell Black Evening David Morrell David Morrell's Tales from Nightscape Front Man, Nothing Will Hurt You, And Resurrection David MorrellRobert Foster?Stefan Rudnicki? Creepers. Thriller David Morrell Der Protektor. David Morrell Der Protektor. David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell Testament David Morrell The Totem A Novel David Morrell Fireflies (Thorndike Large Print Basic Series) David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell League of Night and Fog David Morrell Fifth Profession David Morrell The Covenant of the Flame David Morrell Creepers David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Scavenger David Morrell Scavenger David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Scavenger David Morrell Creepers David Morrell Testament David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell Scavenger David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Assumed Identity David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell Fifth Profession David Morrell The Covenant of the Flame David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell Fireflies David Morrell Indictment David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell Fraternity of the Stone (Charnwood Library) David Morrell Assumed Identity (Eagle Large Print) David Morrell Fifth Profession David Morrell Testament David Morrell Covenant of the Flame David Morrell First Blood David Morrell The Totem David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell Double Image David Morrell Extreme Denial David Morrell Double Image David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell Rambo III David Morrell The Covenant of the Flame David Morrell The Totem David Morrell First Blood David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell Extreme Denial David Morrell Double Image David Morrell Burnt Sienna David Morrell Long Lost David Morrell Black Evening David Morrell Burnt Sienna David Morrell Long Lost David Morrell Black Evening David Morrell Creepers David Morrell Nightscape David Morrell Covenant of the Flame David Morrell Fifth Profession David Morrell The Protector David Morrell The Protector David Morrell Nightscape David Morrell Scavenger David Morrell Assumed Identity/Extreme Denial (Two in One) David Morrell Creepers David Morrell Creepers David Morrell First Blood (20-20 Special Edition) David Morrell Creepers David Morrell Scavenger David Morrell Rambo David Morrell Scavenger Mr David Morrell? Double Image (G K Hall Large Print Book Series (Cloth)) David Morrell Burnt Sienna (Thorndike Press Large Print Core Series) David Morrell Extreme Denial (Thorndike Large Print Basic Series) David Morrell The Protector (Thorndike Adventure) David Morrell Creepers (Thorndike Press Large Print Americana Series) David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell Extreme Denial David MorrellPeter Boyle? Hollywood Fantasies 10 Surreal Visions of Tinsel Town Robert Bloch?Harlan Ellison?Edward Gorman?John Jakes?David MorrellMichael Reaves?David Schow?Robert Sheckley?Robert Silverberg?Henry Slesar? Double Image A Thriller David MorrellDavid Birney? The Fifth Profession David MorrellDavid McCullum? Black Evening David Morrell Assumed Identity (Paragon Large Print) David Morrell Epidemiology in General Practice (Oxford Medical Publications) David Cameron Morrell? American Fiction, American Myth David MorrellPhilip Young?Sandra Whipple Spanier? The Art of General Practice David Cameron Morrell? The Art of General Practice David Cameron Morrell? John Barth An Introduction David Morrell Testament David Morrell Brotherhood of the Rose A Novel David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell The Totem David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell Night Visions Dead Image (Night Visions 2) David MorrellJoseph Payne Brennan?K. E. Wagner?Charles L. Grant? The Covenant of the Flame David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Last Reveille David Morrell The Totem David Morrell Testament David Morrell The'fifth Profession David Morrell Covenant of the Flame David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell Burnt Sienna David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell Double Image David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell Long Lost David Morrell The Protector (Morrell, David) David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell The Totem David Morrell Extreme Denial David Morrell Double Image David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell Burnt Sienna David Morrell The Protector David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell Fireflies David Morrell Extreme Denial David Morrell Testament David Morrell Rambo III David Morrell The League of Night And Fog David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell The Totem David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell Last Reveille David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell Rambo III David Morrell The Protector (Windsor Selection) David Morrell La Hermandad De La Piedra/ the Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell Creepers David Morrell Long Lost (Charnwood Library) David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell LA Hermandad De LA Rosa David Morrell Creepers MM 18 Copy Display David Morrell Massaker. Roman. David Morrell First Blood David MorrellScott Brick? Der Geheimbund der Rose. David Morrell Black Evening David MorrellRobert Forster?Scott Brick?Stefan Rudnicki?Richard Cox? Rambo III. Roman. David MorrellSylvester Stallone?Sheldon Lettich? Extreme Denial David MorrellPeter Boyle? Rambo I. Roman. David Morrell Blutschwur. Roman. David Morrell Verschwoerung. Roman. David Morrell Totem / Testament / Blutschwur. Drei ungekuerzte Romane. David Morrell Verrat. Roman. David Morrell Rambo. Die drei Bestseller zu den Filmen mit Sylvester Stallone. David Morrell Horror vom Feinsten. Stephen King?Clive Barker?David Morrell Rambo Ii/Rambo First Blood David Morrell Scavenger 12 Copy Display David Morrell Recurso Extremo - L.E. - David Morrell Double Image David Morrell Rambo II. Der Auftrag. Roman. David Morrell Assumed Identity David MorrellEd Asner? The Fifth Profession David MorrellDavid McCullum? Five Essays on Emergency Pathways (King's Fund London Initiative Working Paper) David Morrellet al? The Fifth Profession David MorrellDavid McCallum? Totem. Roman. David Morrell Brotherhood Omnibus David Morrell First Blood David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell Creepers David MorrellPatrick G. Lawlor? Burnt Sienna David Morrell Brotherhood of the Rose (Charnwood Library) David Morrell Der Mann mit den 100 ( hundert) Namen. David Morrell Extreme Denial (Charnwood Library) David Morrell First Blood; A Novel David Morrell Burnt Sienna David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Assumed Identity David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell The Convenant of the Flame David Morrell Assumed Identity (Paragon Softcover Large Print Books) David Morrell Der Nachruf. David Morrell Last Reveille A Novel David Morrell Schwur des Feuers / Der Mann mit den hundert Namen. Zwei ungekuerzte Romane. David Morrell Der Blick des Adlers. David Morrell The Fifth Profession David Morrell The Fifth Profession David MorrellDavid McCallum? Testament David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell The Protector David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose David Morrell League of Night and Fog David Morrell Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell First Blood David Morrell Creepers. 6 CDs David Morrell Desperate Measures David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell The League of Night and Fog David Morrell The Brotherhood of the Rose/ David Morrell The Fraternity of the Stone David Morrell Das Ebenbild. David Morrell Das Portraet. David Morrell Der fuenfte Beruf. Roman. David Morrell Schwur des Feuers. David Morrell First Blood David Morrell First Blood David Morrell The Totem David Morrell Testament Nhb David Morrell Totem Testament David Morrell Npb David Morrell Rambo First Blood David Morrell Blood Oath David Morrell
https://w.atwiki.jp/jikkyosha_ust/pages/401.html
Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy that embraced verificationism, an approach that sought to legitimize philosophical discourse on a basis shared with the best examples of empirical sciences. In this theory of knowledge, only statements verifiable either logically or empirically would be cognitively meaningful. Seeking to convert philosophy to this new scientific philosophy was aimed to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims.[1] The Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle propounded logical positivism starting in the late 1920s. Interpreting Ludwig Wittgenstein s philosophy of language, logical positivists identified a verifiability principle or criterion of cognitive meaningfulness. From Bertrand Russell s logicism they sought reduction of mathematics to logic as well as Russell s logical atomism, Ernst Mach s phenomenalism—whereby the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experience, which is the content of all sciences, whether physics or psychology—and Percy Bridgman s musings that others proclaimed as operationalism. Thereby, only the verifiable was scientific and cognitively meaningful, whereas the unverifiable was unscientific, cognitively meaningless "pseudostatements"—metaphysic, emotive, or such—not candidate to further review by philosophers, newly tasked to organize knowledge, not develop new knowledge. Logical positivism became famed for vigorous scientific antirealism to purge science of talk about nature s unobservable aspects—including causality, mechanism, and principles—although that goal has been exaggerated[who said this?]. Still, talk of such unobservables would be metaphorical—direct observations viewed in the abstract—or at worst metaphysical or emotional. Theoretical laws would be reduced to empirical laws, while theoretical terms would garner meaning from observational terms via correspondence rules. Mathematics of physics would reduce to symbolic logic via logicism, while rational reconstruction would convert ordinary language into standardized equivalents, all networked and united by a logical syntax. A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth. In the late 1930s, logical positivists fled Germany and Austria for Britain and United States. By then, many had replaced Mach s phenomenalism with Neurath s physicalism, and Carnap had sought to replace verification with simply confirmation. With World War II s close in 1945, logical positivism became milder, logical empiricism, led largely by Carl Hempel, in America, who expounded the covering law model of scientific explanation. The logical positivist movement became a major underpinning of analytic philosophy,[2] and dominated Anglosphere philosophy, including philosophy of science, while influencing sciences, into the 1960s. Yet the movement failed to resolve its central problems,[3][4][5] and its doctrines were increasingly assaulted, most trenchantly by W V O Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and Carl Hempel. Contents [hide] 1 Roots 1.1 Language 1.2 Logicism 1.3 Empiricism 2 Origins 2.1 Vienna 2.2 Berlin 2.3 Rivals 2.4 Export 3 Principles 3.1 Analytic/synthetic gap 3.2 Observation/theory gap 3.3 Cognitive meaningfulness 3.3.1 Verification 3.3.2 Confirmation 3.3.3 Weak verification 4 Philosophy of science 4.1 Explanation 4.2 Unity of science 4.3 Theory reduction 5 Critics 5.1 Quine 5.2 Hanson 5.3 Popper 5.4 Kuhn 5.5 Putnam 6 Retrospect 7 Footnotes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Roots[edit] Language[edit] Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, by the young Ludwig Wittgenstein, introduced the view of philosophy as "critique of language", offering the possibility of a theoretically principled distinction of intelligible versus nonsensical discourse. Tractatus adhered to a correspondence theory of truth (versus a coherence theory of truth). Wittgenstein s influence also shows in some versions of the verifiability principle.[6][7] In tractarian doctrine, truths of logic are tautologies, a view widely accepted by logical positivists who were also influenced by Wittgenstein s interpretation of probability although, according to Neurath, some logical positivists found Tractatus to contain much metaphysics.[8] Logicism[edit] Gottlob Frege began the program of reducing mathematics to logic, continued it with Bertrand Russell, but lost interest in this logicism, and Russell continued it with Alfred North Whitehead in their monumental Principia Mathematica, inspiring some of the more mathematical logical posivists, such as Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap.[9] (Carnap s early anti-metaphysical works employed Russell s theory of types.)[10] Carnap envisioned a universal language that could reconstruct mathematics and thereby encode physics.[9] Yet Kurt Gödel s incompleteness theorem showed this impossible except in trivial cases, and Alfred Tarski s undefinability theorem shattered all hopes of reducing mathematics to logic.[9] Thus, a universal language failed to stem from Carnap s 1934 work Logische Syntax der Sprache (Logical Syntax of Language).[9] Still, some logical positivists, including Carl Hempel, continued support of logicism.[9] Empiricism[edit] In Germany, Hegelian metaphysics was a dominant movement, and Hegelian successors such as F H Bradley explained reality by postulating metaphysical entities lacking empirical basis, drawing reaction in the form of positivism.[11] Starting in the late 19th century, there was "back to Kant" movement. Ernst Mach s positivism and phenomenalism were a major influence. Origins[edit] Vienna[edit] The Vienna Circle, gathering around University of Vienna and Café Central, was led principally by Moritz Schlick. Schlick had held a neo-Kantian position, but later converted, via Carnap s 1928 book Der logische Aufbau der Welt—that is, The Logical Structure of the World—which became Vienna Circle s "bible", Aufbau. A 1929 pamphlet written by Otto Neurath, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the Vienna Circle s positions. Another member of Vienna Circle to later prove very influential was Carl Hempel. A friendly but tenacious critic of the Circle was Karl Popper, whom Neurath nicknamed the "Official Opposition". Carnap and other Vienna Circle members, including Hahn and Neurath, saw need for a weaker criterion of meaningfulness than verifiability.[12] A radical "left" wing—led by Neurath and Carnap—began the program of "liberalization of empiricism", and they also emphasized fallibilism and pragmatics, which latter Carnap even suggested as empiricism s basis.[12] A conservative "right" wing—led by Schlick and Waismann—rejected both the liberalization of empiricism and the epistemological nonfoundationalism of a move from phenomenalism to physicalism.[12] As Neurath and somewhat Carnap posed science toward social reform, the split in Vienna Circle also reflected political views.[12] Berlin[edit] The Berlin Circle was led principally by Hans Reichenbach. Rivals[edit] Both Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap had been influenced by and sought to define logical positivism versus the neo-Kantianism of Ernst Cassirer—the then leading figure of Marburg school, so called—and against Edmund Husserl s phenomenology. Logical positivists especially opposed Martin Heidegger s obscure metaphysics, the epitome of what logical positivism rejected. In the early 1930s, Carnap debated Heidegger over "metaphysical pseudosentences".[13] Despite its revolutionary aims, logical positivism was but one view among many vying within Europe, and logical positivists initially spoke their language.[13] Export[edit] As the movement s first emissary to the New World, Moritz Schlick visited Stanford University in 1929, yet otherwise remained in Vienna and was murdered at the University, reportedly by a deranged student, in 1936.[13] That year, a British attendee at some Vienna Circle meetings since 1933, A J Ayer saw his Language, Truth and Logic, written in English, import logical positivism to the Anglosphere. By then, Nazi political party s 1933 rise to power in Germany had triggered flight of intellectuals.[13] In exile in England, Otto Neurath died in 1945.[13] Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, and Carl Hempel—Carnap s protégé who had studied in Berlin with Reichenbach—settled permanently in America.[13] Upon Germany s annexation of Austria in 1939, remaining logical positivists, many of whom were also Jewish, were targeted and continued flight. Logical positivism thus became dominant in the Anglosphere. Principles[edit] Analytic/synthetic gap[edit] Concerning reality, the necessary is a state true in all possible worlds—mere logical validity—whereas the contingent hinges on the way the particular world is. Concerning knowledge, the a priori is knowable before or without, whereas the a posteriori is knowable only after or through, relevant experience. Concerning statements, the analytic is true via terms arrangement and meanings, thus a tautology—true by logical necessity but uninformative about the world—whereas the synthetic adds reference to a state of facts, a contingency. In 1739, Hume cast a fork aggressively dividing "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence", such that all truths are of one type or the other.[14][15] By Hume s fork, truths by relations among ideas (abstract) all align on one side (analytic, necessary, a priori), whereas truths by states of actualities (concrete) always align on the other side (synthetic, contingent, a posteriori).[14] At any treatises containing neither, Hume orders, "Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion".[14] Thus awakened from "dogmatic slumber", Kant quested to answer Hume s challenge—but by explaining how metaphysics is possible. Eventually, in his 1781 work, Kant crossed the tines of Hume s fork to identify another range of truths by necessity—synthetic a priori, statements claiming states of facts but known true before experience—by arriving at transcendental idealism, attributing the mind a constructive role in phenomena by arranging sense data into the very experience space, time, and substance. Thus, Kant saved Newton s law of universal gravitation from Hume s problem of induction by finding uniformity of nature to be a priori knowledge. Logical positivists rejected Kant s synthethic a priori, and staked Hume s fork, whereby a statement is either analytic and a priori (thus necessary and verifiable logically) or synthetic and a posteriori (thus contingent and verifiable empirically).[14] Observation/theory gap[edit] Early, most logical positivists proposed that all knowledge is based on logical inference from simple "protocol sentences" grounded in observable facts. In the 1936 and 1937 papers "Testability and meaning", individual terms replace sentences as the units of meaning.[12] Further, theoretical terms no longer need to acquire meaning by explicit definition from observational terms the connection may be indirect, through a system of implicit definitions.[12] (Carnap also provides an important, pioneering discussion of disposition predicates.)[12] Cognitive meaningfulness[edit] Verification[edit] The logical positivists initial stance was that a statement is "cognitively meaningful" only if some finite procedure conclusively determines its truth.[16] By this verifiability principle, only statements verifiable either by their analyticity or by empiricism were cognitively meaningful. Metaphysics, ontology, as well as much of ethics failed this criterion, and so were found cognitively meaningless. Moritz Schlick, however, did not view ethical or aesthetic statements as cognitively meaningless.[17] Cognitive meaningfulness was variously defined having a truth value; corresponding to a possible state of affairs; naming a proposition; intelligible or understandable as are scientific statements.[18] Ethics and aesthetics were subjective preferences, while theology and other metaphysics contained "pseudostatements", neither true nor false. This meaningfulness was cognitive, although other types of meaningfulness—for instance, emotive, expressive, or figurative—occurred in metaphysical discourse, dismissed from further review. Thus, logical positivism indirectly asserted Hume s law, the principle that is statements cannot justify ought statements, but are separated by an unbridgeable gap. A J Ayer s 1936 book asserted an extreme variant—the boo/hooray doctrine—whereby all evaluative judgments are but emotional reactions. Confirmation[edit] In an important pair of papers in 1936 and 1937, "Testability and meaning", Carnap replaced verification with confirmation, on the view that although universal laws cannot be verified they can be confirmed.[12] Later, Carnap employed abundant logical and mathematical methods in researching inductive logic while seeking to provide and account of probability as "degree of confirmation", but was never able to formulate a model.[19] In Carnap s inductive logic, every universal law s degree of confirmation is always zero.[19] In any event, the precise formulation of what came to be called the "criterion of cognitive significance" took three decades (Hempel 1950, Carnap 1956, Carnap 1961).[12] Carl Hempel became a major critic within the logical positivism movement.[20] Hempel elucidated the paradox of confirmation. Weak verification[edit] The second edition of A J Ayer s book arrived in 1946, and discerned strong versus weak forms of verification. Ayer concluded, "A proposition is said to be verifiable, in the strong sense of the term, if, and only if, its truth could be conclusively established by experience", but is verifiable in the weak sense "if it is possible for experience to render it probable".[21] And yet, "no proposition, other than a tautology, can possibly be anything more than a probable hypothesis".[21] Thus, all are open to weak verification. Philosophy of science[edit] Upon the global defeat of Nazism, and removed from philosophy rivials for radical reform—Marburg neo-Kantianism, Husserlian phenomenology, Heidegger s "existential hermeneutics"—while hosted in the climate of American pragmatism and commonsense empiricism, the neopositivists shed much of their earlier, revolutionary zeal.[1] No longer crusading to revise traditional philosophy into a new scientific philosophy, they became respectable members of a new philosophy subdiscipline, philosophy of science.[1] Receiving support from Ernest Nagel, logical empiricists were especially influential in the social sciences.[22] Explanation[edit] Comtean positivism had viewed science as description, whereas the logical positivists posed science as explanation, perhaps to better realize the envisioned unity of science by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but the special sciences, too, for instance biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics.[23] The most widely accepted concept of scientific explanation, held even by neopositivist critic Karl Popper, was the deductive-nomological model (DN model).[24] Yet DN model received its greatest explication by Carl Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[24] In DN model, the stated phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—which can be an event, law, or theory—whereas premises stated to explain it are the explanans.[25] Explanans must be true or highly confirmed, contain at least one law, and entail the explanandum.[25] Thus, given initial conditions C1, C2 . . . Cn plus general laws L1, L2 . . . Ln, event E is a deductive consequence and scientifically explained.[25] In DN model, a law is an unrestricted generalization by conditional proposition—If A, then B—and has empirical content testable.[26] (Differing from a merely true regularity—for instance, George always carries only $1 bills in his wallet—a law suggests what must be true,[27] and is consequent of a scientific theory s axiomatic structure.[28]) By the Humean empiricist view that humans observe sequence of events, not cause and effect—as causality and causal mechanisms are unobservable—DN model neglects causality beyond mere constant conjunction, first event A and then always event B.[23] Hempel s explication of DN model held natural laws—empirically confirmed regularities—as satisfactory and, if formulated realistically, approximating causal explanation.[25] In later articles, Hempel defended DN model and proposed a probabilistic explanation, inductive-statistical model (IS model).[25] DN model and IS model together form covering law model,[25] as named by a critic, William Dray.[29] (Derivation of statistical laws from other statistical laws goes to deductive-statistical model (DS model).)[30] Georg Hendrik von Wright, another critic, named it subsumption theory,[31] fitting the ambition of theory reduction. Unity of science[edit] Logical positivists were generally committed to "Unified Science", and sought a common language or, in Neurath s phrase, a "universal slang" whereby which all scientific propositions could be expressed.[32] The adequacy of proposals or fragments of proposals for such a language was often asserted on the basis of various "reductions" or "explications" of the terms of one special science to the terms of another, putatively more fundamental. Sometimes these reductions consisted of set-theoretic manipulations of a few logically primitive concepts (as in Carnap s Logical Structure of the World (1928)). Sometimes, these reductions consisted of allegedly analytic or a priori deductive relationships (as in Carnap s "Testability and meaning"). A number of publications over a period of thirty years would attempt to elucidate this concept. Theory reduction[edit] As in Comptean positivism s envisioned unity of science, neopositivists aimed to network all special sciences through the covering law model of scientific explanation. And ultimately, by supplying boundary conditions and supplying bridge laws within the covering law model, all the special sciences laws would reduce to fundamental physics, the fundamental science. Critics[edit] After the Second World War s close in 1945, key tenets of logical positivism, including its atomistic philosophy of science, the verifiability principle, and the fact/value gap, drew escalated criticism. It was clear that empirical claims cannot be verified to be universally true.[12] Thus, as initially stated, the verifiability criterion made universal statements meaningless, and even made statements beyond empiricism for technological but not conceptual reasons meaningless, which would pose significant problems for science.[20][33][34] These problems were recognized within the movement, which hosted attempted solutions—Carnap s move to confirmation, Ayer s acceptance of weak verification—but the program drew sustained criticism from a number of directions by the 1950s. Even philosophers disagreeing among themselves on which direction general epistemology ought to take, as well as on philosophy of science, agreed that the logical empiricist program was untenable, and it became viewed as selfcontradictory.[35] The verifiability criterion of meaning was itself unverified.[35] Notable critics were Nelson Goodman, Willard Van Orman Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, J L Austin, Peter Strawson, Hilary Putnam, Ludwig von Mises, and Richard Rorty. Quine[edit] Although quite empiricist, American logician Willard Van Orman Quine published the 1951 paper "Two dogmas of empiricism",[36] which challenged conventional empiricist presumptions. Quine attacked the analytic/synthetic division, which the verificationist program had been hinged upon in order to entail, by consequence of Hume s fork, both necessity and apriocity. Quine s ontological relativity explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker s conception of the entire world. Quine later proposed naturalized epistemology. Hanson[edit] In 1958, Norwood Hanson s Patterns of Discovery undermined the division of observation versus theory,[37] as one can predict, collect, prioritize, and assess data only via some horizon of expectation set by a theory. Thus, any dataset—the direct observations, the scientific facts—is laden with theory. Popper[edit] An early, tenacious critic was Karl Popper whose 1934 book Logik der Forschung, arriving in English in 1959 as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, directly answered verificationism. Popper heeded the problem of induction as rendering empirical verification logically impossible.[38] And the deductive fallacy of affirming the consequent reveals any phenomenon s capacity to host over one logically possible explanation. Accepting scientific method as hypotheticodeduction, whose inference form is denying the consequent, Popper finds scientific method unable to proceed without falsifiable predictions. Popper thus identifies falsifiability to demarcate not meaningful from meaningless but simply scientific from unscientific—a label not in itself unfavorable. Popper finds virtue in metaphysics, required to develop new scientific theories. And an unfalsifiable—thus unscientific, perhaps metaphysical—concept in one era can later, through evolving knowledge or technology, become falsifiable, thus scientific. Popper also found science s quest for truth to rest on values. Popper disparages the pseudoscientific, which occurs when an unscientific theory is proclaimed true and coupled with seemingly scientific method by "testing" the unfalsifiable theory—whose predictions are confirmed by necessity—or when a scientific theory s falsifiable predictions are strongly falsified but the theory is persistently protected by "immunizing stratagems", such as the appendage of ad hoc clauses saving the theory or the recourse to increasingly speculative hypotheses shielding the theory. Popper s scientific epistemology is falsificationism, which finds that no number, degree, and variety of empirical successes can either verify or confirm scientific theory. Falsificationism finds science s aim as corroboration of scientific theory, which strives for scientific realism but accepts the maximal status of strongly corroborated verisimilitude ("truthlikeness"). Explicitly denying the positivist view that all knowledge is scientific, Popper developed the general epistemology critical rationalism, which finds human knowledge to evolve by conjectures and refutations. Popper thus acknowledged the value of the positivist movement, driving evolution of human understanding, but claimed that he had "killed positivism". Kuhn[edit] With his landmark, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn critically destabilized the verificationist program, which was presumed to call for foundationalism. (Actually, even in the 1930s, Otto Neurath had argued for nonfoundationalism via coherentism by likening science to a boat that scientists must rebuild at sea[citation needed].) Although Kuhn s thesis itself was attacked even by opponents of neopositivism, in the 1970 postscript to Structure, Kuhn asserted, at least, that there was no algorithm to science—and, on that, even most of Kuhn s critics agreed. Powerful and persuasive, Kuhn s book, unlike the vocabulary and symbols of logic s formal language, was written in natural language open to the laypersons.[39] Ironically, Kuhn s book was first published in a volume of Encyclopedia of Unified Science—a project begun by logical positivists—and some sense unified science, indeed, but by bringing it into the realm of historical and social assessment, rather than fitting it to the model of physics.[39] Kuhn s ideas were rapidly adopted by scholars in disciplines well outside natural sciences,[39] and, as logical empiricists were extremely influential in the social sciences,[22] ushered academia into postpositivism or postempiricism.[39] Putnam[edit] The "received view" operates on the correspondence rule that states, "The observational terms are taken as referring to specified phenomena or phenomenal properties, and the only interpretation given to the theoretical terms is their explicit definition provided by the correspondence rules".[11] According to Hilary Putnam, a former student of Reichenbach and of Carnap, the dichotomy of observational terms versus theoretical terms introduced a problem within scientific discussion that was nonexistent until this dichotomy was stated by logical positivists.[40] Putnam s four objections Something is referred to as "observational" if it is observable directly with our senses. Then an observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. With Carnap s classification, some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical terms. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms (an example of this is Darwin s original theory of evolution). Putman also alleged that positivism was actually a form of metaphysical idealism by its rejecting scientific theory s ability to garner knowledge about nature s unobservable aspects. With his "no miracles" argument, posed in 1974, Putnam asserted scientific realism, the stance that science achieves true—or approximately true—knowledge of the world as it exists independently of humans sensory experience. In this, Putnam opposed not only the positivism but other instrumentalism—whereby scientific theory as but a human tool to predict human observations—filling the void left by positivism s decline. Retrospect[edit] By the late 1960s, the neopositivist movement had clearly run its course.[41] Interviewed in the late 1970s, A J Ayer supposed that "the most important" defect "was that nearly all of it was false".[42][43] Although logical positivism tends to be recalled as a pillar of scientism,[44] Carl Hempel was key in establishing the philosophy subdiscipline philosophy of science[13] where Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper brought in the era postpositivism.[39] John Passmore found logical positivism to be "dead, or as dead as a philosophical movement ever becomes".[42] Logical positivism s fall reopened debate over the metaphysical merit of scientific theory, whether it can offer knowledge of the world beyond human experience (scientific realism) versus whether it is but a human tool to predict human experience (instrumentalism).[45][46] Meanwhile, it became popular among philosophers to rehash the faults and failures of logical positivism without investigation of it.[47] Thereby, logical positivism has been generally misrepresented, sometimes severely.[48] Arguing for their own views, often framed versus logical positivism, many philosophers have reduced logical positivism to simplisms and stereotypes, especially the notion of logical positivism as a type of foundationalism.[48] In any event, the movement helped anchor analytic philosophy in the Anglosphere, and returned Britain to empiricism. Minus logical positivists, tremendously influential outside philosophy, especially in psychology and social sciences, intellectual life of the 20th century would be unrecognizable.[13] Footnotes[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Michael Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York Cambridge University Press, 1999), p xiv. Jump up ^ See "Vienna Circle" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Smith, L.D. (1986). Behaviorism and Logical Positivism A Reassessment of the Alliance. Stanford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 9780804713016. LCCN 85030366. The secondary and historical literature on logical positivism affords substantial grounds for concluding that logical positivism failed to solve many of the central problems it generated for itself. Prominent among the unsolved problems was the failure to find an acceptable statement of the verifiability (later confirmability) criterion of meaningfulness. Until a competing tradition emerged (about the late 1950 s), the problems of logical positivism continued to be attacked from within that tradition. But as the new tradition in the philosophy of science began to demonstrate its effectiveness—by dissolving and rephrasing old problems as well as by generating new ones—philosophers began to shift allegiances to the new tradition, even though that tradition has yet to receive a canonical formulation. Jump up ^ Bunge, M.A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d Alembert, Compte, John Stuart Mill, and Ernst Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation. Jump up ^ "Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism". 7 August 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc. In light of this dilemma, many folk—especially following Popper s "last-ditch" effort to "save" empiricism/positivism/realism with the falsifiability criterion—have agreed that positivism is a dead-end. Jump up ^ For example, compare "Proposition 4.024" of Tractatus, asserting that we understand a proposition when we know the outcome if it is true, with Schlick s asserting, "To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning". Jump up ^ "Positivismus und realismus", Erkenntnis 3 1–31, English trans in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed, Logical Empiricism at its Peak Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (New York Garland Publishing, 1996), p 38. Jump up ^ For summary of the effect of Tractatus on logical positivists, see the Entwicklung der Thesen des "Wiener Kreises". ^ Jump up to a b c d e Jaako Hintikka, "Logicism", in Andrew D Irvine, ed, Philosophy of Mathematics (Burlington MA North Holland, 2009), pp 283–84. Jump up ^ See Rudolf Carnap, "The elimination Of metaphysics through logical analysis of language", Erkenntnis, 1932;2, reprinted in Logical Positivism, Alfred Jules Ayer, ed, (New York Free Press, 1959), pp 60–81. ^ Jump up to a b Frederick Suppe, "The positivist model of scientific theories", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed, (New York Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 16-24. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j Sarkar, S; Pfeifer, J (2005). The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia 1. Taylor Francis. p. 83. ISBN 9780415939270. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge U P, 1999), p xii. ^ Jump up to a b c d Antony G Flew, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York St Martin s Press, 1984), "Hume s fork", p 156. Jump up ^ Helen B Mitchell, Roots of Wisdom A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, 6th edn (Boston Wadsworth, 2011), "Hume s fork and logical positivism", pp 249-50. Jump up ^ For a classic survey of other versions of verificationism, see Carl G Hempel, "Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning", Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1950;41 41-63. Jump up ^ See Moritz Schlick, "The future Of philosophy", in The Linguistic Turn, Richard Rorty, ed, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp 43-53. Jump up ^ Examples of these different views can be found in Scheffler s Anatomy of Inquiry, Ayer s Language, Truth, and Logic, Schlick s "Positivism and realism" (reprinted in Sarkar 1996 and Ayer 1959), and Carnap s Philosophy and Logical Syntax. ^ Jump up to a b Mauro Murzi "Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 12 Apr 2001. ^ Jump up to a b Fetzer, James (2012). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Carl Hempel". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 ed.). It would fall to Hempel to become perhaps the most astute critic of that movement and to contribute to its refinement as logical empiricism... Hempel himself attained a certain degree of prominence as a critic of this movement... The analytic/synthetic distinction and the observational/theoretical distinction were tied together by the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness... By this standard, sentences that are non-analytic but also non-verifiable, including various theological or metaphysical assertions concerning God or The Absolute, qualify as cognitively meaningless. This was viewed as a desirable result. But, as Hempel would demonstrate, its scope was far too sweeping, since it also rendered meaningless the distinctively scientific assertions made by laws and theories... The analytic/synthetic distinction took a decided hit when the noted logician, Willard van Orman Quine, published "Two dogmas of empiricism" (1953), challenging its adequacy... While the analytic/synthetic distinction appears to be justifiable in modeling important properties of languages, the observational/theoretical distinction does not fare equally well. Within logical positivism, observation language was assumed to consist of names and predicates whose applicability or not can be ascertained, under suitable conditions, by means of direct observation... Karl Popper (1965, 1968), however, would carry the argument in a different direction by looking at the ontic nature of properties... Hempel (1950, 1951), meanwhile, demonstrated that the verifiability criterion could not be sustained. Since it restricts empirical knowledge to observation sentences and their deductive consequences, scientific theories are reduced to logical constructions from observables. In a series of studies about cognitive significance and empirical testability, he demonstrated that the verifiability criterion implies that existential generalizations are meaningful, but that universal generalizations are not, even though they include general laws, the principal objects of scientific discovery. Hypotheses about relative frequencies in finite sequences are meaningful, but hypotheses concerning limits in infinite sequences are not. The verifiability criterion thus imposed a standard that was too strong to accommodate the characteristic claims of science and was not justifiable... Both theoretical and dispositional predicates, which refer to non-observables, posed serious problems for the positivist position, since the verifiability criterion implies they must be reducible to observables or are empirically meaningless... The need to dismantle the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness together with the demise of the observational/theoretical distinction meant that logical positivism no longer represented a rationally defensible position. At least two of its defining tenets had been shown to be without merit. Since most philosophers believed that Quine had shown the analytic/synthetic distinction was also untenable, moreover, many concluded that the enterprise had been a total failure. Among the important benefits of Hempel s critique, however, was the production of more general and flexible criteria of cognitive significance... Hempel suggested multiple criteria for assessing the cognitive significance of different theoretical systems, where significance is not categorical but rather a matter of degree... The elegance of Hempel s study laid to rest any lingering aspirations for simple criteria of cognitive significance and signaled the demise of logical positivism as a philosophical movement. Precisely what remained, however, was in doubt. Presumably, anyone who rejected one or more of the three principles defining positivism—the analytic/synthetic distinction, the observational/theoretical distinction, and the verifiability criterion of significance—was not a logical positivist. The precise outlines of its philosophical successor, which would be known as "logical empiricism", were not entirely evident. Perhaps this study came the closest to defining its intellectual core. Those who accepted Hempel s four criteria and viewed cognitive significance as a matter of degree were members, at least in spirit. But some new problems were beginning to surface with respect to Hempel s covering-law explication of explanation and old problems remained from his studies of induction, the most remarkable of which was known as "the paradox of confirmation". ^ Jump up to a b Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, 1946, p 50–51. ^ Jump up to a b Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 546. ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—sec 1 "Background and introduction", in Zalta EN, ed,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—Article overview, Zalta EN, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b c d e f Suppe, Structure of Scientific Theories (U Illinois P, 1977), pp 619–21. Jump up ^ Eleonora Montuschi, Objects in Social Science (London New York Continuum, 2003), pp 61–62. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), p 25. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), pp 27–28. Jump up ^ Georg Hendrik von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press, 1971), p 11. Jump up ^ Stuart Glennan, p 276, in Sarkar S Pfeifer J, eds, The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 A–M (New York Routledge, 2006). Jump up ^ Manfred Riedel, pp 3–4, in Manninen J Tuomela R, eds, Essays on Explanation and Understanding Studies in the Foundation of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dordrecht D Reidel Publishing, 1976). Jump up ^ For a review of "unity of science" to, see Gregory Frost-Arnold, "The large-scale structure of logical empiricism Unity of science and the rejection of metaphysics". Jump up ^ John Vicker (2011). Edward N Zalta, ed. "The problem of induction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.). This initial formulation of the criterion was soon seen to be too strong; it counted as meaningless not only metaphysical statements but also statements that are clearly empirically meaningful, such as that all copper conducts electricity and, indeed, any universally quantified statement of infinite scope, as well as statements that were at the time beyond the reach of experience for technical, and not conceptual, reasons, such as that there are mountains on the back side of the moon. These difficulties led to modification of the criterion The latter to allow empirical verification if not in fact then at least in principle, the former to soften verification to empirical confirmation. Jump up ^ Uebel, Thomas (2008). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Vienna Circle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). What Carnap later called the "liberalization of empiricism" was underway and different camps became discernible within the Circle... In the first place, this liberalization meant the accommodation of universally quantified statements and the return, as it were, to salient aspects of Carnap s 1928 conception. Everybody had noted that the Wittgensteinian verificationist criterion rendered universally quantified statements meaningless. Schlick (1931) thus followed Wittgenstein s own suggestion to treat them instead as representing rules for the formation of verifiable singular statements. (His abandonment of conclusive verifiability is indicated only in Schlick 1936a.) A second element that began to do so soon was the recognition of the problem of the irreducibility of disposition terms to observation terms... A third element was that disagreement arose as to whether the in-principle verifiability or support turned on what was merely logically possible or on what was nomologically possible, as a matter of physical law etc. A fourth element, finally, was that differences emerged as to whether the criterion of significance was to apply to all languages or whether it was to apply primarily to constructed, formal languages. Schlick retained the focus on logical possibility and natural languages throughout, but Carnap had firmly settled his focus on nomological possibility and constructed languages by the mid-thirties. Concerned with natural language, Schlick (1932, 1936a) deemed all statements meaningful for which it was logically possible to conceive of a procedure of verification; concerned with constructed languages only, Carnap (1936-37) deemed meaningful only statements for whom it was nomologically possible to conceive of a procedure of confirmation of disconfirmation. Many of these issues were openly discussed at the Paris congress in 1935. Already in 1932 Carnap had sought to sharpen his previous criterion by stipulating that those statements were meaningful that were syntactically well-formed and whose non-logical terms were reducible to terms occurring in the basic observational evidence statements of science. While Carnap s focus on the reduction of descriptive terms allows for the conclusive verification of some statements, his criterion also allowed universally quantified statements to be meaningful, provided they were syntactically and terminologically correct (1932a, §2). It was not until one of his Paris addresses, however, that Carnap officially declared the meaning criterion to be mere confirmability. Carnap s new criterion required neither verification nor falsification but only partial testability so as now to include not only universal statements but also the disposition statements of science... Though plausible initially, the device of introducing non-observational terms in this way gave rise to a number of difficulties which impugned the supposedly clear distinctions between logical and empirical matters and analytic and synthetic statements (Hempel 1951). Independently, Carnap himself (1939) soon gave up the hope that all theoretical terms of science could be related to an observational base by such reduction chains. This admission raised a serious problem for the formulation of a meaning criterion how was one to rule out unwanted metaphysical claims while admitting as significant highly abstract scientific claims? ^ Jump up to a b Hilary Putnam (1985). Philosophical Papers Volume 3, Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521313940. LCCN lc82012903. Jump up ^ W V O Quine, "Two dogmas of empiricism", Philosophical Review 1951;60 20-43, collected in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, 1953). Jump up ^ Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 527. Jump up ^ Popper then denies that science requires inductive inference or that it actually exists, although most philosophers believe it exists and that science requires it [Samir Okasha, The Philosophy of Science A Very Short Introduction (NY OUP, 2002), p 23]. ^ Jump up to a b c d e Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), pp 526-27. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "Problems with the observational/theoretical distinction", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed (New York, USA Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 25-29. Jump up ^ Nicholas G Fotion (1995). Ted Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford University Press. p. 508. ISBN 0-19-866132-0. ^ Jump up to a b Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 193f. Jump up ^ "Ayer on Logical Positivism Section 4". 6 30. Jump up ^ Stahl et al, Webs of Reality (Rutgers U P, 2002), p 180. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "What is realism?", in Jarrett Leplin, ed, Scientific Realism (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California Press, 1984), p 140. Jump up ^ Ruth Lane, "Positivism, scientific realism and political science Recent developments in the philosophy of science", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1996 Jul8(3) 361-82, abstract. Jump up ^ Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 1. ^ Jump up to a b Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 2.
https://w.atwiki.jp/jubeatoriginal/pages/44.html
K タイトル アドレス 作者 KAISER PHOENIX http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10943510 KAISER PHOENIX http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11254983 dianthus_k KAISER PHOENIX（修正ver） http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11027198 Kaleidoscope http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12283557 KAMAITACHI http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12032018 KAMAITACHI http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12465043 Kecak http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11919063 jophine Keep on lovin you http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11131987 Kick Out 仮面 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12143751 jophine Kung-fu Empire http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8900291 Kyrie(BMS version) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12338519 L タイトル アドレス 作者 L erisia (Primal logic) 赤き天使 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12545410 Last Burning http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11109675 Laznapis - winter... http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9797793 levan Polkka http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12177443 GIO LEVEL5 -Judgelight- http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10100911 LEVEL5-judgelight- http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11654526 ＬＩＡＲ http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12114873 Light Shine http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9450449 Listen!! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10525595 LITTLE BITCH http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10966753 little explorer http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8518264 Little Little Princess http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8796389 Love Cheat! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm7948949 LOVE IS ORANGE http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12453146 宇佐見 LOVE v SHINE http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8468899 Lovecall From The World Lunatic beat http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8540769 LUV TO ME（THIRD-MIX) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11259242 L・O・V・E・L・Y ～夢見るLOVELY BOY～ http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10582310 M タイトル アドレス 作者 Macho gang http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11105905 MAD BLAST http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11259273 Major Swing http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11941895 MENDES http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11311064 Mermaid girl http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12318805 dianthus_k Mind Mapping http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12016595 GIO Mind Mapping http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12381211 MIRACLE MEETS http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9690294 MIRACLE MEETS【新機能】 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9768437 Miracle∞Hinacle http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11497263 MIRU key way http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12219451 GIO MODEL FT2 MiracleVersion http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11416363 Moon Story http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9021730 mosaic http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12578285 Mr.T.(take me higher) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12597303 murmur twins http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8164560 murmur twins http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8412764 My Jealousy -2Step Mix- http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9606930 My Soul, Your Beats!(ver.ユイにゃん) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10916554 My Soul, Your Beats! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11688069 My Soul,Your Beats! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10933941 N タイトル アドレス 作者 naughty girl@Queen s Palace http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12062533 GIO NEW SENSATION -もう、あなたしか見えない- http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12088381 No buts! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12374638 No buts! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12602753 No,No,No! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12304759 NO,Thank You! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11326522 NoN-Fiction Story! http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8843587 O タイトル アドレス 作者 One More Lovely http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12700075 one s future http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11172880 only my railgun http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm9797217 only my railgun(kmstpta) http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10570765 kmstpta oratio http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm11173534 Overdosing Heavenly Bliss http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8737631 OVER THE CLOUDS http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm12648338 宇佐見 owens http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10287235
https://w.atwiki.jp/hordaine_minax/pages/105.html
（無題） -- （名無しさん） 2007-03-02 02 28 05 null spool aligned logjam Muscat distributivity elicited outlines Berlioz building impartially [http //www.9q.org/# Concord ] http //www.9q.org/# inhales bib apposite [http //www.absolute-top.com/# Conneticut ] http //www.absolute-top.com/# Pasternak carryover [http //www.acahost.com/# KS__ ] http //www.acahost.com/# trespasses reporting,aquaria plastic!Forsythe [http //www.affordablerealestate.net/# Fargo ] http //www.affordablerealestate.net/# defy Rinehart Halstead points![http //www.antiquegoldmine.com/# KS__ ] http //www.antiquegoldmine.com/# conformed,excommunicated pathways [http //www.auction-emall-site.info/# Memphis ] http //www.auction-emall-site.info/# Atlantic.confusers lambert foci rotten [http //www.auctions-site.info/# Wash ] http //www.auctions-site.info/# escrow consolers,Aeolus!woofer![http //www.best-digital-camera-esite.info/# Penn ] http //www.best-digital-camera-esite.info/# internal youngster mentalities transact collectively [http //www.bisdragons.org/# New Mexico Mortgage Online] http //www.bisdragons.org/# realigning briefest throughput.normative blunts,[http //www.bjamusements.com/# OH__ ] http //www.bjamusements.com/# rumbled Spenglerian drape,minute interoffice [http //www.california-wine-cellar.info/# Colo ] http //www.california-wine-cellar.info/# initializations brilliance!definiteness [http //www.christian-singles-e-site.info/# Charleston ] http //www.christian-singles-e-site.info/# cars.skipper churchwomen?exclaim procedure?[http //www.credit-card-4u.com/# Conn ] http //www.credit-card-4u.com/# austere.carters.neutral binaural [http //www.dating-services-e-site.info/# refinancing ] http //www.dating-services-e-site.info/# cheek,chanticleers nurtured [http //www.decawest.org/# Arkansas ] http //www.decawest.org/# broadest commits falsifies prefabricate Kochab,[http //www.dgmarketingwebdesign.com/# Minn ] http //www.dgmarketingwebdesign.com/# impermanence wire spreaders [http //www.digital-camera-review-esite.info/# Massachusets ] http //www.digital-camera-review-esite.info/# thereby battlements dictates inserted affirming [http //www.discount-esite.info/# Masachusetts ] http //www.discount-esite.info/# cutaneous heedless [http //www.e-digital-camera-esite.info/# speed ] http //www.e-digital-camera-esite.info/# Sophocles braze!near [http //www.education-centre.net/# Charleston ] http //www.education-centre.net/# menacing exalting hereabout [http //www.f00k.org/# Detroit ] http //www.f00k.org/# brightness mused.muscle Bismark?[http //www.fairwaydrive.net/# N Dakota ] http //www.fairwaydrive.net/# Assyrian checklist [http //www.gang-bang-pics.net/# Phoenix ] http //www.gang-bang-pics.net/# precaution municipally outwits?Brunhilde redisplayed [http //www.genxright.com/# Manchester ] http //www.genxright.com/# dragoons mire [http //www.goldnsun.net/# WI__ ] http //www.goldnsun.net/# fertile,reprobate [http //www.golf-balls-e-course.info/# Sacramento ] http //www.golf-balls-e-course.info/# Honda distribution tearful![http //www.hair-loss-remedy.net/# Oklahoma City ] http //www.hair-loss-remedy.net/# squealed abominate [http //www.hosting-4all.net/# Virginia ] http //www.hosting-4all.net/# heaving rationalization manifolds realigned [http //www.indegraph.com/# Equity Home Loan Milwaukee ] http //www.indegraph.com/# logic?waiver [http //www.juliemarcelle.com/# Springfield ] http //www.juliemarcelle.com/# slings energetic Afrikaner?[http //www.leading-digital-camera-esite.info/# Phoenix ] http //www.leading-digital-camera-esite.info/# tellers munching [http //www.oxford-english-dictionary.us/# SD__ ] http //www.oxford-english-dictionary.us/# vigilantes softer rats needler!insulated [http //www.pakamrcongress.com/# Loans Mortgage SC__ ] http //www.pakamrcongress.com/# early!biconvex terrific [http //www.pocketchangechicago.org/# cash ] http //www.pocketchangechicago.org/# tablespoonful league megavolt,sonata squalls,[http //www.robstraley.com/# Ill ] http //www.robstraley.com/# Winston!generalization rotunda [http //www.sakyathubtenling.org/# Wyo ] http //www.sakyathubtenling.org/# rummage smaller,crusade guilder.notational.[http //www.sandscape.net/# Colorado Mortgage Loans] http //www.sandscape.net/# rainiest!superhumanly averse reboot depressions [http //www.schemafilm.com/# Charleston ] http //www.schemafilm.com/# basin Floridian microcosm bodied?[http //www.skagitvalleybassanglers.com/# Missouri ] http //www.skagitvalleybassanglers.com/# reciprocity gnu piers!Burt Francois [http //www.skinsciencesalon.com/# New York ] http //www.skinsciencesalon.com/# hirings gardens frowns Abyssinians [http //www.softkernel.com/# Miss ] http //www.softkernel.com/# Sumatra publicly,very [http //www.spitalfields1765.com/# qoute Mortgage Financial] http //www.spitalfields1765.com/# abstinence dodger stylistically voters,[http //www.sranda.net/# Penna ] http //www.sranda.net/# mosaic ceremonially circumstantial Shipley [http //www.support24x7.biz/# mortgag ] http //www.support24x7.biz/# duster stamina fractures?[http //www.top-finance-sites.com/# Wash ] http //www.top-finance-sites.com/# requirements spans Dooley [http //www.vegas-hair.com/# Idaho ] http //www.vegas-hair.com/# venturings!bulged hovering?diesel![http //www.web-hosting-forum.net/# Texas ] http //www.web-hosting-forum.net/# Estonian interpolations [http //www.weselloldmoney.com/# Portland ] http //www.weselloldmoney.com/# monarchies!Loire [http //www.windcomesdown.com/# online Mortgage Rates] http //www.windcomesdown.com/# trampled payer panel Winnebago?suspends [http //www.xmlcast.com/# Baton Rouge ] http //www.xmlcast.com/# apple, 名前 コメント
https://w.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/pages/2829.html
【登録タグ NJK Record S あめあがる 厄神様の通り道 ～ Dark Road 坂上なち 曲】 【注意】 現在、このページはJavaScriptの利用が一時制限されています。この表示状態ではトラック情報が正しく表示されません。 この問題は、以下のいずれかが原因となっています。 ページがAMP表示となっている ウィキ内検索からページを表示している これを解決するには、こちらをクリックし、ページを通常表示にしてください。 /** General styling **/ @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight 350; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/10/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/9/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/8/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.ttf) format( truetype ); } @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight bold; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/13/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/12/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/11/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.ttf) format( truetype ); } rt { font-family Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; } /** Main table styling **/ #trackinfo, #lyrics { font-family Noto Sans JP , sans-serif; font-weight 350; } .track_number { font-family Rockwell; font-weight bold; } .track_number after { content . ; } #track_args, .amp_text { display none; } #trackinfo { position relative; float right; margin 0 0 1em 1em; padding 0.3em; width 320px; border-collapse separate; border-radius 5px; border-spacing 0; background-color #F9F9F9; font-size 90%; line-height 1.4em; } #trackinfo th { white-space nowrap; } #trackinfo th, #trackinfo td { border none !important; } #trackinfo thead th { background-color #D8D8D8; box-shadow 0 -3px #F9F9F9 inset; padding 4px 2.5em 7px; white-space normal; font-size 120%; text-align center; } .trackrow { background-color #F0F0F0; box-shadow 0 2px #F9F9F9 inset, 0 -2px #F9F9F9 inset; } #trackinfo td ul { margin 0; padding 0; list-style none; } #trackinfo li { line-height 16px; } #trackinfo li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 6px; } #trackinfo dl { margin 0; } #trackinfo dt { font-size small; font-weight bold; } #trackinfo dd { margin-left 1.2em; } #trackinfo dd + dt { margin-top .5em; } #trackinfo_help { position absolute; top 3px; right 8px; font-size 80%; } /** Media styling **/ #trackinfo .media th { background-color #D8D8D8; padding 4px 0; font-size 95%; text-align center; } .media td { padding 0 2px; } .media iframe nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 0.3em; } .youtube + .nicovideo, .youtube + .soundcloud, .nicovideo + .soundcloud { margin-top 0.75em; } .media_section { display flex; align-items center; text-align center; } .media_section before, .media_section after { display block; flex-grow 1; content ; height 1px; } .media_section before { margin-right 0.5em; background linear-gradient(-90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_section after { margin-left 0.5em; background linear-gradient(90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_notice { color firebrick; font-size 77.5%; } /** Around track styling **/ .next-track { float right; } /** Infomation styling **/ #trackinfo .info_header th { padding .3em .5em; background-color #D8D8D8; font-size 95%; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn_wrapper { float right; font-size 12px; user-select none; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn { cursor pointer; } #trackinfo .info_content td { padding 0 0 0 5px; height 0; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content ul { padding 0; margin 0; max-height 0; list-style initial; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content li { opacity 0; visibility hidden; margin 0 0 0 1.5em; transition .3s, opacity .2s; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show td { padding 5px; height 100%; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show ul { padding 5px 0; max-height 50em; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li { opacity 1; visibility visible; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 10px; } /** Lyrics styling **/ #lyrics { font-size 1.06em; line-height 1.6em; } .not_in_card, .inaudible { display inline; position relative; } .not_in_card { border-bottom dashed 1px #D0D0D0; } .tooltip { display flex; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -42.5px; left 0; width 275px; min-height 20px; max-height 100px; padding 10px; border-radius 5px; background-color #555; align-items center; color #FFF; font-size 85%; line-height 20px; text-align center; white-space nowrap; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; -webkit-user-select none; -moz-user-select none; -ms-user-select none; user-select none; } .inaudible .tooltip { top -68.5px; } span hover + .tooltip { visibility visible; top -47.5px; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .inaudible span hover + .tooltip { top -73.5px; } .not_in_card span.hide { top -42.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .inaudible .img { display inline-block; width 3.45em; height 1.25em; margin-right 4px; margin-bottom -3.5px; margin-left 4px; background-image url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2971/7/Inaudible.png); background-size contain; background-repeat no-repeat; } .not_in_card after, .inaudible .img after { content ; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -8.5px; left 42.5%; border-width 5px; border-style solid; border-color #555 transparent transparent transparent; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .not_in_card hover after, .inaudible .img hover after { content ; visibility visible; top -13.5px; left 42.5%; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .not_in_card after { top -2.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card hover after { top -7.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card.hide after { visibility hidden; top -2.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } /** For mobile device styling **/ .uk-overflow-container { display inline; } #trackinfo.mobile { display table; float none; width 100%; margin auto; margin-bottom 1em; } #trackinfo.mobile th { text-transform none; } #trackinfo.mobile tbody tr not(.media) th { text-align left; background-color unset; } #trackinfo.mobile td { white-space normal; } document.addEventListener( DOMContentLoaded , function() { use strict ; const headers = { title アルバム別曲名 , album アルバム , circle サークル , vocal Vocal , lyric Lyric , chorus Chorus , narrator Narration , rap Rap , voice Voice , whistle Whistle (口笛) , translate Translation (翻訳) , arrange Arrange , artist Artist , bass Bass , cajon Cajon (カホン) , drum Drum , guitar Guitar , keyboard Keyboard , mc MC , mix Mix , piano Piano , sax Sax , strings Strings , synthesizer Synthesizer , trumpet Trumpet , violin Violin , original 原曲 , image_song イメージ曲 }; const rPagename = /(?=^|.*
https://w.atwiki.jp/elvis/pages/1546.html
The Cosmic Dynamo (International Astronomical Union Symposia) F. Krause?K.-H. Idler?G. Idiger? Fundamentals of Cosmic Electrodynamics (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Boris V. Somov? Dusty and Self-Gravitational Plasmas in Space (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Pavel Bliokh?Victor Sinitsin?Victoria Yaroshenko? Magnetic Fields of Celestial Bodies (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Ye Shi-Hui? Currents in High-Energy Astrophysics (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Maurice M. Shapiro?Rein Silberberg?John P. Wefel? Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics The Early Universe (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Norma G. Sanchez?Antonino Zichichi? The Opacity of Spiral Disks (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Wales) NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Opacity of Spiral Disks (1994 Cardiff?Jonathan I. Davies?David Burstein? New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa Proceedings of the International Conference on "Cold Dust and Galaxy Morphology" Held in Johannesburg, South Africa, January 22-26, 1996 (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) South Africa) International Conference on Cold Dust and Galaxy Morphology (1996 Johannesburg?David L. Block?J. Mayo Greenberg? The Cosmic Dust Connection (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) J. Mayo Greenberg? Transport Across the Boundaries of the Magnetosphere Proceedings of an Issi Workshop October 1-5, 1996, Bern, Switzerland (Space Sciences Series of Issi, V. 2) Bengt Hultqvist?Marit Oieroset? Dust and Molecules in Evolved Stars Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at Umist, Manchester, United Kingdom, 24-27 March, 1997 I. Cherchneff?T. J. Millar? Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics Primordial Cosmology (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Italy) NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics Primordial Cosmology (1997 Erice?North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division?Norma G. Sanchez?Antonino Zichichi? Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere Volume Resulting from an Issi Workshop 17-20 September 1996 and 10-14 March 1997, Bern, Switzerland (Space Sciences Series of Issi, V. 3) L. A. Fisk?J. I. Jokipii?G. M. Simnett?R. Von Steiger?K. P. Wenzel? Cosmic Rays, Supernovae, and the Interstellar Medium (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Maurice M. Shapiro?Rein Silberberg?John P. Wefel? The Cosmic Perspective, Brief With Skygazer Jeffrey O. Bennett? Transfer Phenomena in Magnetohydrodynamic and Electroconducting Flows Selected Papers of the Pamir Conference Held in Aussois, France, 22-26 September 1997 (Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications) A. Alemany?Ph Marty?J. P. Thibault? Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Sukumar Biswas? Plasma Astrophysics and Space Physics Proceedings of the Viith Int'L Conference Held in Lindau, Germany, May 48, 1998 Jorg Buchner? Astronomical Origins of Life Steps Towards Panspermia N. C. Wickramasinghe?Fred Hoyle? Cosmic Plasma Physics (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Boris V. Somov? Cosmic Rays and Earth Proceedings of an Issi Workshop 21-26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland (Space Sciences Series of Issi, V. 10) J. W. Bieber?E. Eroshenko?P. Evenson?E. O. Fluckiger?R. Kallenback? Physics of Space Growth Points and Problems Nicole Meyer-Vernet?Michel Moncuquet?Filippo Pantellini? Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics The Cosmic Microwave Background (Nato Science Series Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Italy) NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics Primordial Cosmology (1997 Erice?Norma G. Sanchez? Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics The Cosmic Microwave Background. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice, Ettore Majorana Centre, Italy, 5-16 December 1999 (NATO Science Series C) Norma G. Sanchez? Solar Cosmic Rays (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) Leonty I. Miroshnichenko? The Fast Mission Robert F. Pfaff? Dynamo and Dynamics A Mathematical Challenge (Nato Science Series II Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry) France) NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Dynamo and Dynamics (2000 Cargese?Pascal Chossat?Dieter Armbruster?I. Oprea? Nature Reborn The Ecological and Cosmic Promise of Christian Theology (Theology and the Sciences) H. Paul Santmire? Cosmic Web Scientific Field Models and Literary Strategies in the Twentieth Century (Asia East by South) N. Katherine Hayles? The Cosmic Web Scientific Field Models and Literary Strategies in the 20th Century (Asia East by South) N. Katherine Hayles? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier/Book and 3-D Glasses John D. Fix? The Cosmic Race A Bilingual Edition (Race in the Americas) Jose Vasconcelos?Didier Tisdel Jaen? Measures of Wisdom The Cosmic Dance in Classical and Christian Antiquity (Visio Studies in the Relations of Art and Literature I) James L. Miller? Walking Zero Discovering Cosmic Space And Time Along The Prime Meridian Chet Raymo? The Cosmic Verses A Rhyming History of the Universe James Muirden?David Eccles? Cosmic Grace, Humble Prayer The Ecological Vision of the Green Patriarch Bartholomew I Bartholomew?John Chryssavgis? Pure Waters Frank Waters and the Quest for the Cosmic Frank Waters?Barbara Waters? Pure Waters Frank Waters and the Quest for the Cosmic Frank Waters?Barbara Waters? Ancient Earth, Ancient Skies The Age of Earth and Its Cosmic Surroundings G. Brent Dalrymple? Ancient Earth, Ancient Skies The Age of Earth and Its Cosmic Surroundings G. Brent Dalrymple? Cosmic Collisions (Scientific American Focus Book) Dana Desonie? Cosmic Collisions Cosmic Collisions (Scientific American Focus Book) Dana Desonie? The Cosmic Perspective Media Update Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett? The Recursive Universe Cosmic Complexity and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge William Poundstone? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett? Astro ACT Lrn Tut Cosmic Pearson? The Solar System The Cosmic Perspective With Skygazer Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology The Cosmic Perspective, With Skygazer Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Essential Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology The Cosmic Perspective, With Skygazer Jeffrey Bennett? The Cosmic Perspective/Media Update (Book/CD) Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective (Book CD) Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? Stars Galaxies Cosmology Selected Chapters From The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? Cosmic Perspective The Essential Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Essential Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett? The Essential Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? Cosmic Perspective Media Update Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Scheider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nick Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective BENNETT? Cosmic Perspective Media Update Michael LoPresto? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett? The Cosmic Sting Truth Revisited Randolph Hammer? The Cosmic Struggle for Redemption Of God's Own People Basil Hewitt? Cosmic Consciousness A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind Richard Maurice Bucke? A Shabbat Reader Universe of Cosmic Joy Dov Peretz Elkins? The Cosmic Adventure Science, Religion and the Quest for Purpose John Haught? The Promise of Nature Ecology and Cosmic Purpose John F. Haught? I Am My Own Best Casual Acquaintance And Other Cosmic Half-Firmations Shanti Goldstein? The Great Cosmic Mother Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth Monica Sjoo?Barbara Mor? Cosmic Connections (Mysteries of the Unknown) Time-Life Books? Cosmic Duality (Mysteries of the Unknown) Time-Life Books? Cosmic Mysteries (Voyage Through the Universe) Cosmic Mysteries Voyage Through Uni... ANON? The Meaning of Life and Other Awesome Cosmic Revelations (Drumm Booklet, No. 30) Darrell Schweitzer? Cosmic Influences on Humans, Animals, and Plants An Annotated Bibliography (Magill Bibliographies) John T. Burns? Hollywood Horror From Gothic to Cosmic Mark A. Vieira? Cosmic Exchange (Steck-Vaughn Science Fiction Collection) Ann Richards?Keith Neely? Cosmic Grooves Aquarius (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Aries (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Cancer (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Capricorn (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Gemini (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Leo (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Libra (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Pisces (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Sagittarius (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Scorpio (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Cosmic Grooves Taurus (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges?Chronicle Books Cosmic Grooves Virgo (Cosmic Grooves) Jane Hodges? Bon Bon Address Book (Bon Bon) Noel Tolentino?Cosmic Debris Oopsy-Daisy Holiday Cards Frosty Bitten (Oopsy Daisy) Cosmic Debris Oops, My Cookies Killed Santa (Oopsy Daisy) Cosmic Debris Emily the Strange 2008 Calendar Cosmic Debris Stargazing With Jack Horkheimer Cosmic Comics for the Sky Watcher Jack Horkheimer?Rich Harrington? Cosmic Beginnings and Human Ends Where Science and Religion Meet Clifford N. Matthews?Roy Abraham Varghese? Cosmic Beginnings and Human Ends Where Science and Religion Meet Clifford N. Matthews?Roy Abraham Varghese? Physics of Space Plasmas An Introduction George K. Parks? Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics (Frontiers in Physics) Pierre Sokolosky? The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan The Trinitarian and Cosmic Order of Salvation Kilian McDonnell? Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites Cosmic Invaders of the Earth (The Living Earth) Timothy, Ph.D. Kusky?Jon Erickson? Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites Cosmic Invaders of the Earth (The Living Earth) Jon Erickson? The Cosmic Conflict Between Christ and Satan John M. Fowler? Cosmic Winds and the Heliosphere (University of Arizona Space Science Series) J. R. Jokipii?Charles P. Sonett?M. S. Giampapa? Cosmic Kidnappers (Choose Your Own Story Series) E. T. Randall?Jacqueline Rogers? The Cosmic Joker (Unsolved Mysteries Series) Brian Innes? Bang The Evolving Cosmos (Nobel Conference 27) Nobel Conference 1991 (Gustavus Adolphus College)?Timothy Ferris?William A. Fowler?Richard M. Fuller?Margaret Geller? Bang The Evolving Cosmos (Nobel Conference Xxvii) Nobel Conference 1991 (Gustavus Adolphus College)?William A. Fowler?Richard M. Fuller? The Cosmic Puppets Philip K. Dick? The Little Book of Cosmic Colour Secrets of Colour Healing, Harmony and Therapy Betty Shine? Cosmic Cat and the Space Spider (Picture Lions) Colin Hawkins?Jacqui Hawkins? Cosmic Cat and the Pink Planet (Picture Lions) Colin Hawkins?Jacqui Hawkins? The Cosmic Trilogy (Cosmic Trilogy) C.S. Lewis? The Cosmic Collection (Angels Unlimited) Annie Dalton? The Cosmic Collection (Mel Beeby, Agent Angel) Annie Dalton? Cosmic Ordering in 7 Easy Steps Carolyn Boyes? Cosmic Loom The New Science of Astrology Dennis Elwell? The Cosmic Blueprint Paul Davies? The Cosmic Dancers Exploring the Physics of Science Fiction Amit Goswami?Maggie Goswami? Through a Universe Darkly A Cosmic Tale of Ancient Ethers, Dark Matter, and the Fate of the Universe Marcia Bartusiak? Cosmic Chickens Ned Delaney? Cosmic Chickens Ned Delaney? Kepler's Witch An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother James A. Connor? The Coming of the Cosmic Christ The Healing of Mother Earth and the Birth of a Global Renaissance Matthew Fox? The Coming of the Cosmic Christ Matthew Fox? The Cosmic Self A Penetrating Look at Today's New Age Movements Ted Peters? Cosmic Memory Atlantis and Lemuria Rudolf Steiner? Kepler's Witch An Astronomer's Discovery Of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, And The Heresy Trial Of His Mother James A. Connor? The Cosmic Storm (Fantastic 4) Catherine Hapka?Mark Frost?Simon Kinberg? Cosmic Ordering How to Make Your Dreams Come True Jonathan Cainer? A Life of Jesus the Christ From Cosmic Origins to the Second Coming (Edgar Cayce's Widsom for the New Age) Richard Henry Drummond? Cosmic Cuisine The Astrological Cookbook Tom Jaine?Nich Campion? Cosmic Crystals Crystal Consciousness and the New Age Ra Bonewitz? Cosmic Radiation Spectra and Composition (Advances in Space Research,) S. P. Swordy?A. J. Westphal? The New Millennium, Under the Cosmic Influences of the Outer Planetary Systems Trudy Jarno? From the Mating Dance to the Cosmic Dance Sex, Love, and Marriage Froma Yogic Viewpoint Swami Sivananda Radha? From the Mating Dance to the Cosmic Dance Sex, Love, and Marriage from a Yogic Perspective Swami Sivananda Radha? Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Mesopotamian Civilizations, 8) Wayne Horowitz? New Mexico A Brief Multi-History Ruben Salaz-Marquez?Ruben Dario Salaz? Infinite Concept of Cosmic Creation An Introduction Ernest L. Norman? Cosmic Continuum Earnest L. Norman? The Cosmic Matrix Piece of a Jig-Saw (Lost Science Series) Leonard G. Cramp? Heavenly Parties An Astrology Cookbook for Cosmic Entertaining Minerva?Jane Hammond? Wingwomen of Hera (Cosmic Botanists Trilogy/Sandi Hall, Book 1) Sandi Hall? E.T. 101 The Cosmic Instruction Manual for Planetary Evolution/Emergency Remedial Earth Edition Zoev Jho? E.T. 101 The Cosmic Instruction Manual for Planetary Evolution Mission Control?Zoev Jho? Searching for Comets Deciphering the Secrets of Our Cosmic Past Louis Brewer Hall? Time Journeys A Search for Cosmic Destiny and Meaning Paul Halpern? Cosmic Pinball The Science of Comets, Meteors and Asteroids Carolyn Sumners?Carlton Allen? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier -- Galaxies With Essential Study Partner Cd-rom And Starry Nights 3.1 John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier -- Solar System . John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier -- Solar System And Starry Nights 3.1- Chapters 1-17 John D. Fix?Hilary M. Lips? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier -- Galaxies And Starry Nights 3.1 -chapters 1-6; 17-27 John D. Fix?Sylvia S. Mader? Astronomy Journey to the Cosmic Frontier John D. Fix? Cosmic Rays (Selected Readings in Physics) A.M. Hillas? Solar Maximum Analysis Proceedings of Symposium 2 (Advances in Space Research, Vol 4, No 7) P. A. Simon? Solar Wind Seven Proceedings of the 3rd Cospar Colloquium Held in Goslar, Germany, 16-20 September 1991 (Cospar Colloquia Series, Vol. 3) E. Marsch?R. Schwenn?Germany Cospar Colloquium 1991 Goslar? Galactic Cosmic Ray Heavy Icons Proceedings (Advances in Space Research, Vol 15, No 1 January 1995) S. Biswas?S. Ramadurai? Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard De Chardin (Oxford Theological Monographs) James A. Lyons? Cosmic Cousin (Tigers) Nancy Hayashi? Cosmic Cousin (Red Fox Read Alone Books) Nancy Hayashi? The Earth's Magnetic Field Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective Ronald T. Merrill? The Magnetic Field of the Earth Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle (International Geophysics Series (Reprint)) Ronald T. Merrill?Michael W. McElhinny?Phillip L. McFadden? Amazing Laws of Cosmic Mind Power Joseph Murphy? Amazing Laws of Cosmic Mind Power (Reward Classics) J. Murphy? The Cosmic Energizer Miracle Power of the Universe Joseph Murphy? Cosmic Magnetism A. Norvell? The Cosmic Power Within You Joseph Murphy? Cosmic Power Within You Joseph Murphy? Cosmic Mysteries of the Universe Adrian V. Clark? The Dusty Universe (Ellis Horwood Library of Space Science and Space Technology) Aneurin Evans? Helping Yourself with Cosmic Healing Rebecca Clark? The Mystic Path to Cosmic Power (Reward Classics) Vernon Linwood Howard? The Mystic Path to Cosmic Power Vernon Linwood Howard? The Theory of Celestial Influence Man, the Universe, and Cosmic Mystery (Arkana) Rodney Collin? The Cosmic Code (Pelican) Heinz R. Pagels? The Cosmic Blueprint (Penguin Science) P.C.W. Davies? Cosmic Love Yasmin Boland? The Cosmic Frontiers of General Relativity (Peregrine Books) William J. Kaufmann? The Great Dying/Cosmic Catastrophe Dinosaurs and the Theory of Evolution Kenneth J. Hsu? Spontaneous Current Sheets in Magnetic Fields With Applications to Stellar X-Rays (International Series on Astronomy and Astrophysics, No 1) E. N. Parker? The Cosmic Informer An Astrological Guide to Self Discovery Robert Pelletier?Leonard Cataldo? Vortices in Nonlinear Fields From Liquid Crystals to Superfluids, from Non-Equilibrium Patterns to Cosmic Strings (The International Series of Monographs on Physics, 100) Len M. Pismen? Cosmic Dust (Oxford Studies in Physics) Peter G. Martin? Cosmic Rays Essays in Science and Technology from the Royal Institution Richard Catlow?Susan Greenfield?C. R. A. Catlow? Cosmic Landscape Michael Rowan-Robinson? Cosmic Catastrophes Gerrit L. Verschuur? Cosmic Catastrophes Gerrit L. Verschuur? The Inflationary Universe The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins Alan H. Guth? Ripples on a Cosmic Sea The Search for Gravitational Waves (Frontiers of Science (Addison-Wesley)) David G. Blair?Geoff McNamara? Cosmic Bullets High Energy Particles in Astrophysics (Frontiers of Science (Addison-Wesley)) Roger Clay?Bruce Dawson? Cosmic Perspective Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit?Jeffrey O. Bennett? Cosmic Perspective Jeffrey O. Bennett?Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit? The Cosmic Perspective Megan Donahue?Nicholas Schneider?Mark Voit?Jeffrey O. Bennett? The Cross and the Eternal Order A Study of Atonement in Its Cosmic Significance Henry William Clark? The Cross and the Eternal Order A Study of Atonement in Its Cosmic Significance Henry William Clark? Interpretation of Cosmic and Mystical Experiences Robert Crookall? Cosmic Snapshots (Gazelle Books) Kenneth Oppel?Guy Parker-Rees? Jump at the Sun Zora Neale Hurston's Cosmic Comedy John Lowe? Jump at the Sun Zora Neale Hurston's Cosmic Comedy John Lowe? The Cosmic Water Hole Emmanuel Davoust?Barbara Jachowicz? Atoms of Silence An Exploration of Cosmic Evolution Hubert Reeves? Cosmic Water Hole Emmanual Davoust? Cosmic Discovery The Search, Scope, and Heritage of Astronomy Martin Harwit? Atoms of Silence An Exploration of Cosmic Evolution Hubert Reeves? Apparitions of the Madonna at Oliveto Citra Local Visions and Cosmic Drama Paolo Apolito? Cosmic Memory Sheila Ostrander?Lynn Schroeder? Cosmic Dragons Life and Death on Our Planet Chandra Wickramasinghe? Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race The Cult of Mestizaje in Latin America Marilyn Grace Miller? Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race The Cult of Mestizaje in Latin America Marilyn Grace Miller? Our Cosmic Habitat Martin Rees? Stardust Supernovae and Life The Cosmic Connection John Gribbin?Mary Gribbin? Cosmic Plasma Physics K Schindler? High-Latitude Space Plasma Physics (Nobel Symposium//Proceedings) Bengt Hultqvist?Tor Hagfors? Cosmic Catastrophes Clark R. Chapman?David Morrison? Cosmic Time Travel A Scientific Odyssey Barry R. Parker? Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation (Nato a S I Series Series a, Life Sciences) Charles E. Swenberg?Gerda Horneck?E. G. Stassinopoulos? Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation Part B (Nato a S I Series Series a, Life Sciences) Charles E. Swenberg?Gerda Horneck?E. G. Stassinopoulos? Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics (Physics Through the 1990s) A Space Physics Paradox Why Has Increased Funding Been Accompanied by Decreased Effectiveness in the Conduct of Space Physics Research? National Research Council (U. S.)? U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science National Research Council (U. S.)? The Quickening Universe Cosmic Evolution and Human Destiny Eugene F. Mallove? Star Wreck IV Live Long and Profit A Collection of Cosmic Capers Leah Rewolinski?Harry Trumbore? A Life of Jesus the Christ From Cosmic Origins to the Second Coming (Edgar Cayce Guide) Richard Henry Drummond? Cosmic Engineers A Study of Hard Science Fiction (Contributions to the Study of Science Fiction and Fantasy) Gary Westfahl? The Reasons for Seasons The Great Cosmic Megagalactic Trip Without Moving from Your Chair Linda Allison? The Reasons for Seasons The Great Cosmic Megagalactic Trip Without Moving from Your Chair (The Brown Paper School) Linda Allison? The Artful Universe The Cosmic Source of Human Creativity John D. Barrow? The Cosmic Dancers Exploring the Physics of Science Fiction Amit Goswami?Maggie Goswami? Cosmic Funhouse (Knight Books) Christopher Black? The Cosmic Frontiers of General Relativity William J. Kaufmann? On the Cosmic Horizon Ten Great Mysteries for Third Millennium Astronomy (Mysteries for the New Millennium) Jeffrey O. Bennett? Cosmic Kaleidoscope Bob Shaw? The Cosmic Trilogy C.S. Lewis? The Cosmic Connection (Papermacs) Carl Sagan? The Cosmic Connection Carl Sagan? The Cosmic Connection (Coronet Books) Carl Sagan? The Cosmic Mind-boggling Book Robert Jastrow?Neil McAleer? Cosmic Mind-boggling Book Neil McAleer? Ether, God and Devil and Cosmic Superimposition Wilhelm Reich?Therese Pol? Selected Papers on Cosmic Ray Origin Theories Stephen Rosen? Cosmic Top Secret King? The Cosmic Ordering Service Barbara Mohr? The Cosmic Ordering Guide Book Barbel Mohr? Helping Yourself With Cosmic Healing Rebecca Clarke? Ufo Chronicles of the Soviet Union A Cosmic Samizdat/304076 Jacques Vallee? Cosmic Canines The Complete Astrology Guide for You and Your Dog (Native Agents Series) Marilyn Macgruder Barnewall? Closing the Cosmic Eye (Outlanders (Paperback)) James Axler? Ether God and Devil Cosmic Superimposition Wilhelm Reich? The Little Book of the Big Bang A Cosmic Primer (Little Book) Craig J. Hogan? The Cosmic Race How Mexican Americans Are Forging a New Vision of the Melting Pot Gregory Rodriguez? Maria Looney and the Cosmic Circus (An Avon Camelot Book) Jerome Beatty? Cosmic Thunder William John Watkins? Cosmic View the Universe in Forty Jumps Boeke? Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy Based on the Doctrine of Evolution With Criticisms on the Positive Philosophy (American Studies) John Fiske? The Cosmic Connection Carl Sagan? White Holes Cosmic Gushers in the Universe John R. Gribbin? The Bewitched Book A Cosmic Companion to Tv's Most Magical Supernatural Situation Comedy Herbie J. Pilato? Cosmic Religion An Autobiography of the Universe Konstantin Kolenda? Beyond Einstein The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Michio Kaku?Jennifer Trainer Thompson? Evolution of Matter and Energy on a Cosmic and Planetary Scale Mieczyslaw Taube? Big Bang, Big Bounce How Particles and Fields Drive Cosmic Evolution I. L. Rozental? Parting the Cosmic Veil Kenneth R. Lang? Mars, a Cosmic Stepping Stone Kevin Nolan? Reviews in Modern Astronomy 1 Cosmic Chemistry Gerhard Klare? Noctilucent Clouds (Physics and Chemistry in Space) Michael Gadsden?Wilfried Schroder? Physics and Chemistry of Comets (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library) W. F. Huebner? Accuracy of Element Abundances from Stellar Atmospheres Proceedings of Two Sessions Allocated at the Iau General Assembly in Baltimore, Usa, August (Lecture Notes in Physics) R. Wehrse? Relativistic Hadrons in Cosmic Compact Objects Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Physics) Andrzej A. Zdziarski?Marek Sikora? Present and Future of the Cosmic Microwave Background Proceedings of the Workshop Held in Santander, Spain, 28 June-1 July 1993 (Lecture Notes in Physics) J. L. Sanz?E. Martinez-Gonzalez?L. Cayon? Cosmic Voyage Courtney Brown? Cosmic Dispatches The New York Times Reports on Astronomy and Cosmology John Noble Wilford? Cosmic Dispatches The New York Times Reports on Astronomy and Cosmology John Noble Wilford? Origins Fourteen Billion Years Of Cosmic Evolution Neil Degrasse Tyson?Donald Goldsmith? The Life Era Cosmic Selection and Conscious Evolution Eric Chaisson?Lola Judith Chaisson? Cosmic Dawn The Origins of Matter and Life Eric Chaisson?Lola Judith Chaisson? Strange but Wonderful Cosmic Awareness of Duffy Moon Jean Robinson? Origins Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution Neil Degrasse Tyson?Donald Goldsmith? The Cosmic Wisdom of Joe Bob Briggs Joe Bob Briggs? Little Orphan Annie in Cosmic City Harold Gray? Cosmic Evolution George Brooks, etc. Field? The Cosmic Funhouse Christopher Black? Single Event Phenomena George C. Messenger?Milton S. Ash? Cosmic Sociology DICKENS? American Flaneur The Cosmic Physiognomy of Edgar Allen Poe (Studies in Major Literaryauthors, 33) James V. Werner? Cosmic Engineers Clifford D. Simak? Cosmic Dawn The Origin of Matter and Life Eric Chaisson?
https://w.atwiki.jp/rioatwiki/pages/15.html
World News Today BBC Mexico truck crash At least 49 people killed as trailer overturns Johnson's press chief spoke at No 10 party last year Jussie Smollett Actor found guilty of lying about attack Beijing Winter Olympics boycott is insignificant, says Macron Astroworld Travis Scott says he was unaware fans were hurt How a Russian invasion of Ukraine could spill over into Europe New York’s Met museum to remove Sackler name from exhibits Capitol riot US appeals court rejects Trump's request to block files Ghislaine Maxwell Jury sent home for day after lawyer falls sick Starbucks to get its first unionised US store since 1980s Kenya police recruits brag 'We are the bad ones' US-led coalition against IS ends combat mission in Iraq Woman fined €1,200 for causing Tour de France pile-up Sienna Miller says Sun illegally sought medical records of pregnancy Quiz of the week Which 'nerdy' hobby is Superman Henry Cavill into? Carolina García The woman deciding what you watch Africa's week in pictures 3 - 9 December 2021 And Just Like That 'Moodier' Sex and the City revival splits opinion In pictures Israel hands seized relics to Egypt Growing up in Iran Every morning we had to chant ‘Death to America’ Where are Afghanistan's women MPs now? Valérie Pécresse Part-Thatcher, part-Merkel and wants to run France 'It was magical' - meet the first disabled crew to fly in zero-gravity Madagascar food crisis How a woman helped save her village from starvation The Nepalese children made to work in bars and clubs The country that is Europe's hub for cargo bikes British waste dumped in Romania Why is the UK PM under pressure over a Christmas party? Myanmar coup The women abused and tortured in detention Leicester knocked out of Europa League in dramatic finish to group I'm treated differently to other drivers - Verstappen Tottenham's match at Brighton postponed after Covid cases in Spurs camp Premier League clubs told to return to emergency Covid-19 measures Dunne found guilty of bullying fellow jockey Frost Rangers end Europa League group campaign with draw in Lyon Afghan women Secret diaries of changing lives Max Verstappen Formula 1's 'bull fighter' the family that shaped him The ‘gals’ behind Samoa’s first woman PM Juan Jose Florian Colombia's Para-cycling 'superhero' and his dramatic life story Arthur Labinjo-Hughes A life cut short by cruelty 40 item(s) Last-Modified 2021/12/10 11 17 49 Washington Post showrss プラグインエラー RSSが見つからないか、接続エラーです。 Financial Times UK Johnson braced for big Tory rebellion over Covid measures Ministers rule out further business support under new Covid restrictions Johnson bets on a ‘dead cat’ strategy to get him out of trouble Disney’s chief on his war with Netflix, irking the talent and breaking with the past Meme mania is reshaping US markets The world needs to set new rules in space Covid curbs will have limited impact on UK recovery, say economists Austrians who refuse Covid jabs face fines of up to €3,600 England’s new Covid restrictions what are they and what is the reaction? Biden reaffirms US’s ‘unwavering commitment’ to Ukrainian sovereignty America is still a dangerous nation Latest news updates Asian stocks fall as traders return to cautious outlook When does too much progress become a bad thing? Shein the Chinese company storming the world of fast fashion US commander warns ‘robust range of military options’ exist to deter Iran US spooks allies by seeking ways to clarify nuclear weapons posture Joe Biden must show leadership on nuclear weapons US to blacklist Chinese AI company SenseTime over Xinjiang ahead of IPO US Senate paves way for raising debt ceiling US places visa restrictions on Isabel dos Santos for alleged corruption SEC chair orders staff to recommend new investor protections for Spacs Nubank shares jump on first day of trading in New York Macron calls for EU to strengthen borders and forge closer defence ties UK-EU trade is about to get a lot more complicated UK warned its new immigration rules will harden Irish land border US-born businessman jailed in Russia on fraud charge Kremlin penetrates deeper into online world of Russians Inflation tracker the latest figures as countries grapple with rising prices 28 item(s) Last-Modified 2021/12/10 09 54 16 Financial Times Asia showrss プラグインエラー RSSが見つからないか、接続エラーです。 Japan Today showrss プラグインエラー RSSが見つからないか、接続エラーです。